Exxon summary

Biles RW. 1984. Summary of results of skin painting bioassays of mid-distillates. Submitted by RW Biles, Exxon Corporation, NJ to CA Haider, Standard Oil Company, Chicago, IL, October 22,1984. 

In summary, the methods developed using ICPES and IC, and other thermal decomposition procedures for metals and nonmetals, are now routinely used at Exxon s Baytown Research and Development Division for the characterization of a large number of oil shales and shale products with precision and accuracy of 1-5 percent. Problems remain with the determinations of nitrogen and sulfur forms in oil shales. 

The concept of fluorous biphase hydroformylation of heavy olefins was introduced by Horvath at Exxon in 1994 [42, 43]. Fluorocarbon-based solvents, especially perfluorinated alkanes and ethers, are of modest cost, chemically inert, and nonpolar and show low intermolecular forces. Most of them are immiscible with water and can be therefore used as the nonaqueous phase. Moreover, their miscibility with organic solvents such as toluene, THF, or alcohols at room temperature is quite low. Only at elevated temperature miscibility occurs. These features allow hydroformylation at smooth reaction conditions at 60-120 °C in a homogeneous system [44]. Upon cooling, phase separation takes place. The catalyst is recovered finally by simple decantation. One of the last summaries in this area was given by Mathison and Cole-Hamilton in 2006 [45]. 

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