Extrinsic mortality

Considerations such as these have helped move contemporary thinking toward an evolutionary view.488 489 495-499 If the mortality of an animal in the wild (extrinsic mortality) is high it will evolve to have rapid development, good reproductive ability, and a short lifetime. If the extrinsic mortality is low the lifetime will be long. Such animals will require development of good protective functions including a highly developed brain. 

A table, usually located in an appendix to a clinical safety subsection, is to list all deaths occurring while subjects/patients are on study, including deaths that occurred shortly following (e.g., within 30 days) treatment termination. Only deaths that are clearly disease-related as described in a clinical study protocol and are not related to the administration of a drug candidate can be excepted from this table. All deaths should be examined for any unexpected patterns between study treatment arms and further analyzed if unexplained differences are noted. Deaths are to be examined individually and analyzed on the basis of rates in individual clinical trials and appropriate pools of trials, considering both total mortality and cause-related deaths. Potential relationships of death to demographic, intrinsic, and extrinsic factors should also be considered. 

Solaymani-Dodaran M, West J, Smith C, et al. Extrinsic allergic alveolitis incidence and mortality in the general population. QJM 2007 100(4) 233-237. 

Thresholds exist for when and how insects respond to these chemical actions. These thresholds are governed by intrinsic factors related to the mode of action of the chemical and the insects susceptibility, as well as by extrinsic factors that modify those effects. Among the extrinsic factors, the physical environment, humidity, air movement, and temperature can affect the volatility of the active ingredient. The dose-dependent order in which thresholds are exceeded determines whether the primary mode of chemical action is repellent, irritant, or toxicant. Some pyrethroids can produce excitorepellency with possible mortality as a result of the exposure. Other pyrethroids with sufficiently high vapor phase concentration, for example, metofluthrin and transfluthrin, can result in a spatial repellent (barrier) effect regardless of knockdown and mortality of insects. 

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