External processing environment materials

This paper focuses on how to model the deterioration of static pressurized process equipment to enable efficient inspection and maintenance planning. Such equipment tends to gradually deteriorate over time from erosion, corrosion, fatigue and other mechanisms, and at some point of time inspection, repair or replacement is expedient with respect to safety, production and costs. The deterioration of the equipment is influenced by many factors such as type of equipment, system design, operation and process service, material and environment. For hydrocarbon systems, the most critical deterioration mechanisms are corrosion due to CO2 and H2S, microbially influenced corrosion, sand erosion and external corrosion (DNV 2002). In general, CO2 is the most common factor causing corrosion in oil and gas system of low alloy steel (Singh et al. 2007). 

Recoils can interfere with ordinary chemical processing. If a parent nuclide is adsorbed on a surfece, such as a bead of ion-exchange resin or the surface of a container, the recoil can embed deep in the support material and not be in equilibrium with the external chemical environment... 

In order to have a reproducible PVD process it is important to have a good vacuum environment. Contamination can originate in the deposition system itself and it is important that this source of contamination be considered as well as contamination from the external processing enviromnent and from the as-received material. 

The external environment experienced by plant can be more corrosive than the internal process stream. Any con-stmction material must be chosen to withstand or be able to be protected from external corrosive agents. 

DCC depends on a reversible connection process under mild conditions and an adequate time scale for the spontaneous production of library members consisting of basic components. Recently, the dynamic covalent bond having both reversibility and stability against the external environment has attracted much attention, as it can possibly be used in the development of novel materials in which the components can be reconstructed, deconstructed, or reshuffled, triggered by external stimuli [16], Therefore, the dynamic covalent bond is advantageous for establishing a DCL, and for developing novel materials with a reversible nature. 

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