Extended families

While all the achievable conformations of the constrained compounds belong to an extended family—as indicated by molecular modehng studies— the hypothesis that such conformations are responsible for the blockade of postsynaptic 5-HTia receptors has been confirmed by Paluchowska et al. [63]. 

Following their hospitalization, all infants were placed with foster parents or in the care of extended-family members. Four infants were discharged to relatives and eight infants were placed in foster care. Later, two of the foster children were also... 

Of mothers who had older children (58 percent), 85 percent already had one or more of their offspring in foster placement or in the care of extended-family members. In addition, physical and... 

The reason that the PDT is an effective tool for the generation of physical models is that it treats an intensive thermodynamic property, and the distribution functions involved are simpler in the thermodynamic limit than if this were not the case [10]. An extended family of modeling tools then applies directly. The quasichemical approach is a general example. It amounts to stratification of the statistical problem... 

Matzinger, P, Tolerance, danger and the extended family, Annu. Rev. Immunol., 12, 991, 1994. 

As a consequence, I would like to develop a working explanation or, perhaps more accurately, a schematic taxonomy for the particular kind of "knowledge-discipline" we find in science. My scheme is explicitly not a sociological model. In contrast, I draw on the notion of the construction of historical identities. In practice, national or ethnic identity may be conflated with professional or disciplinary identity, in a way that actually integrates the notions of "tradition" and "school" with that of our historical understanding of "discipline." In this explanation, the school is best understood by analogy to an extended family rather than to a nuclear group at one site. 

It is not always easy to determine whether a condition in a family is inherited. A genetics professional can use a person s family history (a record of health information about a person s immediate and extended family) to help determine whether a disorder has a genetic component. 

However, for many families their sense of shame precluded seeking help from outside of their closest family relatives. This circle would exclude even the extended family for some, at least in the early days. Clearly the burden of carrying such a secret would have added greatly to the strains felt by the family. 

However, despite these public displays and, with it, the community knowledge of problem drug use, many families would shy away from public affirmation of their child s drug problem, and as in the following case would avoid involving even the extended family ... 

Another reason why practitioners did not include the extended family in the treatment and care of their problem drug-using clients was on account of the client s stated reluctance to involve them. The following drug worker said that as an agency they took their lead from this, although clearly with some reservations ... 

What we have found in the past, maybe one of the reasons we haven t worked with the extended family, is that many women are estranged from their families, maybe just dumped them, got fed up with them, have stolen from them, had arguments from them, fallen out with them, attacked, assaulted them, charged them, all these various kinds of things. 

But 1 think if we could involve them, 1 think the extended family is what the children need and I think it s what the mothers need. 

Such arrangements had greater stability where the extended family was involved, as they were often all too aware of the potential costs to the children and wanted to protect them from possible harm. As we shall see in Chapter 7 the role of the extended family in taking responsibility to care for children was often critical in protecting them from harm and preventing their removal into care. However there were other instances in these data where parents did not have the option to call on others and had made the decision to leave the child unsupervised alone at home whilst they went out to buy drugs. The following is an example of this ... 

Stepping into the Breach When the Extended Family Takes on the Care of Children... 

These grandparents and other relative carers were unequivocal as to the importance of having taken on the care of children. Even so, they acknowledged that there were costs, whether emotional, social, financial or health wise and, in different measure, everyone in the family was affected by it. The chapter begins with a consideration of the continuum of care that was being provided by the extended family as reported by parents and relative carers, before moving on to consider the effects that this had on them all. 

WHEN THE EXTENDED FAMILY TAKES ON THE CARE OF CHILDREN / 103... 

---