Explosives commercial materials

Acetyl peroxide may readily be prepared and used in ethereal solution. It is essential to prevent separation of the crystalline peroxide even in traces, since, when dry, it is shock-sensitive and a high explosion risk [1], Crystalline material, separated and dried deliberately, detonated violently [2], The commercial material, supplied as a 30% solution in dimethyl phthalate, is free of the tendency to crystallise and is relatively safe. It is, however, a powerful oxidant [1]. Precautions necessary for the preparation and thermolysis of the peroxide have been detailed [3,4],... 

While the commercial material damped with 30% water is not shock- or friction-sensitive, if it dries out it may become a high-hazard material. As a typical low-melting diacyl peroxide, it may be expected to decompose vigorously or explosively on slight heating or on mechanical initiation [1], It is shock sensitive (presumably when dry) [2]. 

Tait24 was determined as 181°C by adiabatic Dewar tests, with an apparent energy of activation of 153 kJ/mol [1], The commercial material, containing some 20% of the 2,6- isomer, decomposes at 250°, but at 280°C decomposition becomes self-sustaining. Prolonged heating below these temperatures may also cause some decomposition, and the presence of impurities may decrease the decomposition temperatures [2], Although not considered to be explosive, several cases of... 

Commercial sodium amide stored in a once-opened bottle absorbs moisture, decomposes, and may turn yellow and become potentially explosive such material should be destroyed by reaction with solid ammonium chloride. Because of this instability, most procedures for use of the reagent include directions for its preparation. Fiowever, Fisher supplies material in two small sizes that come in amber bottles with wax-sealed screw caps encased in plastic-wrapped steel cans. These include a six-pack of 4-g bottles (0.1 mol) and a six-pack of 20-g bottles (0.5 mol).8... 

Properties Water-white liquid at temperatures below 26.5C faint odor of bitter almonds. Usual commercial material is 96-99% pure. D (Liquid) 0.688 (20/4C), (gas) 0.938 g/L, bp26.5C, fp-13.3C, flash p OF (-17.7C). Soluble in water. The solution is weakly acidic, sensitive to light. When not absolutely pure or stabilized, hydrogen cyanide polymerizes spontaneously with explosive violence. Miscible with water, alcohol, soluble in ether, autoign temp 1000F (537C). 

BLASTING GELATIN or BLASTING OIL (55-63-0) Heat-, UV-, acid, friction-, shock-sensitive high explosive. A flammable liquid (at flash point explodes). Hydrolyzed in water, forming an explosive solution of nitric acid and glycerol. Explodes on contact with ozone or in temperatures above approximately 350°F/176°C. The pure material Is rarely used the commercial material is desensitized. 

Flame-producing devices are prohibited on vehicles carrying Division 1.1, 1.2, 1.3 (explosives) hazardous materials any cargo tank motor vehicle used for the transportation of Division 2.1 (flammable gas) or Class 3 (flammable liquid) hazardous materials whether loaded or empty or on commercial motor vehicles using compressed gas as a motor fuel. 

Hydroxyl groups present on 2, 3, and 6 positiOTis are the sites where derivatization can be carried out. Cellulose esters and ethers are the most important commercial materials. Among the esters, cellulose acetate and cellulose triacetate are film- and fiber-forming materials and have wide range of applications. The inorganic ester nitrocellulose was initially used as an explosive and as a film-forming material. 

Swiss Energetic Materials. In Switzerland the production of black powder and propellants is a monopoly of the government. The Swiss government, however, does not manufacture explosives except for small quantities of primary explosives. Commercial firms produce the explosives used by the army under strict control by military authorities. Switzerland does not generally export military explosives, however, during times of low usage some export has taken place to keep facilities open. Table 11-21 lists some of the explosives used by the Swiss. 

Acid—Base Chemistry. Acetic acid dissociates in water, pK = 4.76 at 25°C. It is a mild acid which can be used for analysis of bases too weak to detect in water (26). It readily neutralizes the ordinary hydroxides of the alkaU metals and the alkaline earths to form the corresponding acetates. When the cmde material pyroligneous acid is neutralized with limestone or magnesia the commercial acetate of lime or acetate of magnesia is obtained (7). Acetic acid accepts protons only from the strongest acids such as nitric acid and sulfuric acid. Other acids exhibit very powerful, superacid properties in acetic acid solutions and are thus useful catalysts for esterifications of olefins and alcohols (27). Nitrations conducted in acetic acid solvent are effected because of the formation of the nitronium ion, NO Hexamethylenetetramine [100-97-0] may be nitrated in acetic acid solvent to yield the explosive cycl o trim ethyl en etrin itram in e [121 -82-4] also known as cyclonit or RDX. 

---