Explanation traditional accounts

Traditional accounts of Robert Boyle s matter theory, such as Marie Boas Hall s 1952 Establishment of the Mechanical Philosophy, explicitly view Boyle s mechanical philosophy as an importation from physics, which he grafted onto a radically rewritten chemistry. As Boas Hall puts it, Boyle s new chemistry was a chemistry in which was incorporated a physicist s view of matter. The physicist s matter theory refers, of course, to the very corpuscularian philosophy to which Boyle devoted his life s work, the explanation of phenomena in terms of matter and motion at the microlevel. According to Boas Hall, this physicist s theory was radically opposed to the chymical theory that predated Boyle and that he sometimes criticized—particularly the theory of three principles, mercury, sulfur, and salt, invented by Paracelsus in the early sixteenth century. The Paracelsian concept of the tria prima was, to paraphrase Boas Hall, a theory of forms and qualities, an animistic rewriting of Aristotle in the language of alchemy. A brief glance at Steven Shapin s 2996 The Scientific Revolution will show that the approach of Boas Hall is alive and well, hr his treatment of the mechanical philosophy as a whole. 

Traditional theories on chemical combination were based on projecting observable phenomenon at the macroscopic level to the microscopic level. Hence, the mechanical explanations using size and shape persisted well into the 1600s. Alchemical explanations projected human qualities on matter to account for specific reactions and combinations. Substances that combined had a natural attraction or love for one another. Conversely, other substances hated each other and did not combine. 

Ninham and coworkers [12,13] very recently proffered an alternative explanation. They proposed that the shortcoming of traditional DLYO theory in predicting particle stability has arisen from its ab initio decomposition of forces into van der Waals and double-layer components. More specifically, they suggested that not accounting for dispersive interactions between colloid surfaces and dissolved ions is primarily responsible for the reported discrepancies in the traditional colloidal-stability modeling approach. 

A quite different explanation of the deviations from traditional behavior of radical copolymerization has been suggested by Tudos [44], who has advanced a hot-radical theory. In the kinetic scheme corresponding to this theory one should account for the reactions of the monomers with the intermediate ( hot ) radicals which have not yet lost the reaction heat stored in the course of the previous reaction step. 

More importantly, African cultures define two types of causes for illnesses 21,32). Firstly, a proximate cause, which accounts for how a disease is contracted (30). Infection and contagion from pollutants are examples of proximate causes (26). Secondly, an ultimate cause, which accounts for why a disease is contracted by a particular person. A simple explanation by Green (27) clarifies, a mother may recognize that her infant has diarrhea because flies settled on and contaminating its food (proximate cause), but she will also want to establish who sent the flies to harm her child (ultimate cause) . The material types of treatment (i.e. herbal remedies) are often considered of secondary importance and only complementary. The primary concern of African traditional healing is to discover who, or what has caused the imbalance or illness (i.e. the ultimate cause). 

As shown in Scheme 6.94, a set of resonance hybrids can be written in which delocalization of the C-H electrons (as is traditional for resonance structures the nuclei do not move) into the ring would cause the incoming electrophile to choose ortho- and para- over meta- substitution. This explanation has variously been called no-bond-resonance and the theory of hyperconjugation. Clearly, the same idea could also be used to account for the stabihty of tertiary carbocations over their secondary and primary analogues. One difficulty with the widespread acceptance of the idea of no-bond-resonance has been the observation that the nitration of other alkyl substituted benzenes such as (l,l-dimethylethyl)benzene (r-butylbenzene) (Figure 6.38), which is incapable of participating in the same way, is also enhanced relative to benzene (CeH ). Indeed, although (l,l-dimethylethyl)benzene (t-... 

For the observed distinetions explanation it is necessary to point out, that the Eqs. (2.8) and (2.12) take into consideration only molecular characteristic, namely, maeromolecule flexibility, characterized by the value C. Although the Eq. (2.12) takes into account additionally topological factor (traditional macromolecular binary hooking network density v ), but this factor is also a function of [40, 42], The Eqs. (2.16) and (2.5) take into account, besides C, the structural organization of HDPE noncrystalline regions within the frameworks of cluster model of polymers amorphous state structure [5] or fractal analysis with the aid of the value [22], Hence, HDPE noncrystalline regions structure appreciation changes sharply the dependence DJJ). 

---