Experimental Results and Their Interpretation

Calvin et al. (1951) degraded labeled PGA formed during 5 seconds photosynthesis and showed that 95% of the radiocarbon was located in the carboxyl atom. This finding supported their conclu- 

Sugar Phosphates. Among the first sugar phosphates identified were fructose-6-phosphate (VI) and glucose-6-phosphate. Soon thereafter dihydroxyacetone phosphate (VII) and fructose-1,6-diphosphate (VIII), both of which occur in rather small concentrations, were identified. The finding of these compounds led Calvin and Benson (1948, 1949) to conclude that the path of carbon dioxide reduction in photosynthesis included a reversal of several steps of the glycolytic pathway which leads from hexose phosphate to PGA. 

After a time, several other sugar phosphates were identified. Most important among these were the seven-carbon compounds, sedoheptulose-7-phosphate (IX) and sedoheptulose-l,7-diphosphate (SDP) (X), and the five-carbon compounds, ribulose-l,5-diphos-phate (RuDP) (II) and ribose-5-phosphate (XI), xylulose-5-phosphate (XII), and ribulose-5-phosphate (I) (Benson, et al., 1952). The roles of these compounds in the path of carbon in photosynthesis became more clear after they had been degraded to locate the position of radiocarbon atoms within the individual molecules (Bassham et al., 1954). 

If the formation of hexose phosphates occurred via a reversal of the glycolytic pathway from PGA, both carbon atoms 3 and 4 of the hexose should be formed from the carboxyl of PGA. Carbon atoms 2 and 5 would come from the a carbons of PGA, while carbon atoms 1 and 6 would derive from the carbons of PGA. When Calvin et al. (1951) degraded hexose molecules in such a way as to obtain these pairs of carbon atoms, they found the distribution 

It is possible that these reactions are catalyzed by enzymes similar to those of glycolysis. Many such enzymes have been isolated 

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The bonding of H atoms in amorphous Si has received considerable attention, with review articles summarizing the experimental results and their interpretation in terms of local bonding groups by Cardona (1983) and by Lucovsky and Pollard (1984). The result that is pertinent here... 

Based on given experimental results and their interpretation the following conclusions on photosubstitution reactions of tetrapyrrole complexes can be drawn ... 

Now, we will describe in some detail experimental results and their interpretation for the Ag-0/Al2C>3 system in the range of P02 from 10 12 to 105 Pa, in which no complications arise from interfacial reactions or from oxidation of Ag. 

These experimental results and their interpretations clearly showed that the study of the diffracted intensity makes it possible to accurately determine the nature and the positions of the atoms inside the crystal cell. Nevertheless, the link between stmctural arrangement and the value of the total diffracted intensity was not proven. This aspect will be studied in detail by Darwin, who showed in two famous articles [DAR 14a, DAR 14b] that, on the one hand, the intensity is not concentrated in one point (defined by the Laue relations), but that there is a certain intensity distribution around this maximum (referred to as the Darwin width) and, on the other hand, that real crystals show a certain mosaicity that can account for the values of the diffracted intensity measured experimentally. These considerations were based on a description similar to that used for visible light in optics and constituted a preamble to the dynamic theory of X-ray diffractiort, the core ideas of which were later established by Ewald [EWA 16a, EWA 16b]. 

IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS AND THEIR INTERPRETATION A. Total Cross Sections... 

It is natural that differences of opinion will arise amongst the chemists who study reaction mechanisms. Organomagnesitmi compounds are no exception. Disagreements about experimental results and their interpretation should, however, be welcomed since they often serve as a stimulus, to increase the efforts directed towards the subject. 

Figure 12 shows preliminary results that have been obtained for the microcanonical rate k(E) (Eq. (8)) as a function of energy E, compared to the experimental values. Though individual features do not match up one-for-one—which is quite beyond the accuracy of the present potential energy surface—the density and widths of the resonance features are in quite good agreement with each other. The calculations definitely lend credence to the validity of the experimental results and their interpretation as metastable resonance structure. 

I mentioned this mechanism while it was still in the tentative state to a young American National Research fellow named Henry Eyring who was there working with Professor Michael Polanyi on the theory of atomic reactions. Henry was very enthusiastic about my experimental results and their interpretation. He thought that my work concerned the interaction of three hydrogen atoms - one of the simplest chemical reactions - and thus would be amenable for theoretical treatment (7). 

The successful devices made by the methods described here generally exhibited responses between 45-50 mV/pH. Figure 11.9 shows the typical development of linear response. All glass pH electrodes require an inital period for hydration of the surface (gel layer formation) before full sensitivity is achieved, and this is illustrated in Figure 11.9. By contrast, prolonged firing at 900 ""C results in insensitive devices, and a typical response is illustrated in Figure 11.10. A more detailed account (18) of the authors experimental results and their interpretation will be published elsewhere. 

The book deals mainly with theoretical approach, experimental results and their interpretation of laser-induced time-resolved spectroscopy of minerals in the wide spectral range from 250 to 2000 nm, which enables to reveal new luminescence previously hidden by more intensive centers. Artificial activation by potential luminescence centers has been accomplished in many cases, which makes the sure identification possible. The mostly striking example is mineral apatite, which has been extremely well studied by many scientists using practically all known varieties of steady-state luminescence spectroscopy photoluminescence with lamp and laser excitations. X-ray excited luminescence, cathodoluminescence, ionolumi-nescence and thermoluminescence. Nevertheless, time-resolved spectroscopy revealed that approximately 50 % of luminescence information remained hidden. The mostly important new information is connected with luminescence of trivalent... 

G. and S. Eaton and their coworkers showed in an extensive series of experiments the possibilities of determining spin label to iron distances in spin-labeled ferric heme proteins using a series of cw-EPR, ESE, and saturation recovery (SR) experiments [80-86]. They clearly elucidate how die experimental results and their interpretation are affected by the spin state of die heme iron. These studies are nicely reviewed in [85]. 

Our contribution is concerned with transitions between the folded, native and the randomly coiled, denatured conformations. Conformational transitions of proteins may be observed by a variety of methods, measurements of changes in optical rotatory dispersion, in circular dichroism, in (ultraviolet) absorption and in fluorescence spectra generally giving the most precise results. The experimental results and their interpretation have recently been reviewed very extensively by Tanford (81,82 and we shall (in Section II) only discuss those observations and conclusions which are of immediate importance to our argument The single... 

The single crystal nature of the product of the solid-state polymerization of certain diacetylenes has been known for over a decade (13, During this time there has been a considerable amount of research into the preparation and properties of the resulting polymers, A number of reviews of both these areas have appeared (2-83 and it is not possible, in the space available, to present all the extant material in detail. The emphasis here will be on recent experimental results and their interpretation. 

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