Experimental methods groundwater

Comparison of model fit variances for cerium indicates a definite superiority of the DFO model over single-site sorption models. The large data scatter in groundwater cerium concentrations, and the ambiguity in extraction inventory trends, indicate that systems producing significant colloidal material may require more specialized models and experimental methods to fully understand their transport mechanisms ... 

Sang et al. [94] used nanoflbrous membrane prepared from chloridized PVC by high-voltage electrospinning for the removal of divalent metal cations (Cu2+, Cd +, and Pb +) from the simulated groundwater. To obtain the best heavy metal removal, several experimental methods were investigated, including static adsorption, direct filtration, soil-addition filtration, diatomic-addition flltration, and micellar-enhanced... 

To analyze the transport and retention of chemical contaminants in groundwater flowing through soils, experimental and theoretical studies generated several reliable models. Diverse numerical methods have been applied to solve the governing equations efficiently. Some computer models include the simulation of physical and chemical processes. 

The developed flow system was applied to the determination of the inorganic species of arsenic in groundwater samples originating from Tierra de Pinares (Segovia, Spain) as described in the Experimental section. Five replicate determinations of both total As and As(III) were carried out on each sample by the standard additions method. Results are displayed in Table 7. Total As was also determined in samples by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS) for comparison. 

It is particularly difficult to measure experimentally the concentrations and total amounts of ions in the vicinity of the roots that are available to, and can be taken up by, trees. Micro-site variations of a particular species can even be significant between individual, neighbouring plants. An alternative method that avoids the difficulties that arise in making meaningful analyses of groundwater is to measure the quantities of various ions taken into a growing tree. This is done by determining the increase in the amounts of ions present in the leaves. This may be correlated with soil chemistry, to some extent, to identify nutrient deficiencies. 

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