Excitation energy Hartree-Fock theory

The difference between the Hartree-Fock energy and the exact solution of the Schrodinger equation (Figure 60), the so-called correlation energy, can be calculated approximately within the Hartree-Fock theory by the configuration interaction method (Cl) or by a perturbation theoretical approach (Mpller-Plesset perturbation calculation wth order, MPn). Within a Cl calculation the wave function is composed of a linear combination of different Slater determinants. Excited-state Slater determinants are then generated by exciting electrons from the filled SCF orbitals to the virtual ones ... 

We have presented a practical Hartree-Fock theory of atomic and molecular electronic structure for individual electronically excited states that does not involve the use of off-diagonal Lagrange multipliers. An easily implemented method for taking the orthogonality constraints into account (tocia) has been used to impose the orthogonality of the Hartree-Fock excited state wave function of interest to states of lower energy. 

Potential energy curves for singlet and triplet A j, B, and B j states of COF j have been computed using ab initio projected-unrestricted Hartree-Fock theory with a contracted Gaussian type orbital basis set [273]. However, symmetry was strictly maintained for these excited states, so the poor agreement between the predicted and experimental band onsets (which was readily acknowledged by Brewer et al. [273]) comes as little surprise. 

The first approach is Moller-Plesset (MP) many-body perturbation theory. To the Hartree-Fock wavefunction is added a correction corresponding to exciting two electrons to higher energy Hartree-Fock MOs. Second-order, third-order, and fourth-order corrections to the Hartree-Fock total energy are designated MP2, MP3, and MP4, respectively. For double substitutions, i,j (occupied) into m,n (virtual),... 

It should be emphasized that both the RHF solution and the UHF solution in Figure 10.6 are approximations to the same wave function. The 2 RHF wave function transforms in the same manner as the true wave function but is higher in energy than the symmetry-broken UHF solution. The difference in energy is very small, however, compared with the tme excitation energies of the system. Neither wave function may be classified as best and, for a satisfactory resolution of this symmetry dilemma of Hartree-Fock theory, a more advanced wave function must be used, as described in Section 12.8. 

The inherent problems associated with the computation of the properties of solids have been reduced by a computational technique called Density Functional Theory. This approach to the calculation of the properties of solids again stems from solid-state physics. In Hartree-Fock equations the N electrons need to be specified by 3/V variables, indicating the position of each electron in space. The density functional theory replaces these with just the electron density at a point, specified by just three variables. In the commonest formalism of the theory, due to Kohn and Sham, called the local density approximation (LDA), noninteracting electrons move in an effective potential that is described in terms of a uniform electron gas. Density functional theory is now widely used for many chemical calculations, including the stabilities and bulk properties of solids, as well as defect formation energies and configurations in materials such as silicon, GaN, and Agl. At present, the excited states of solids are not well treated in this way. 

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