Ethylene sulfide catalyst

The reaction of 2-chloroethyl isothiocyanate with ethylene sulfide in the presence of Et4N+Br (20 d, 20 °C) gave an 83% yield of 2,3,5,6-tetrahydrothiazolo[2,3-h]thiazolium chloride (265) by way of intermediate (264) (71CHE1534). The identical ring system is formed on treatment of V,lV-bis(2-chloroethyl)amine and CS2 in aqueous NaOH (63JPR(291)10l). With 2-chloroethyl isothiocyanate and N-phenylethyleneimine, in the absence of a catalyst, imidazo[2,1 -hJthiazolium chloride (266) is obtained in 60% yield. 

Polymerization of Ethylene Sulfide Using Diethyl Zinc-Water Catalyst. 88... 

Polymerization of Ethylene Sulfide Using Acetone-Sodium Catalyst. 89... 

These poly(ethylene sulfide) polymers had very low molecular weights (m.p. 113°-160°C) and were thermally unstable. The presence of unreacted halogens as acid catalysts caused the polymers to decompose into 1,4-dithiane. More recently poly(ethylene sulfide) has been prepared by the polymeri2ation of ethylene sulfide or thiirane. 

It was found by Thiokol Chemical Corp. (Trenton, New Jersey, USA) that a catalyst formed by the reaction of diethyl zinc with water readily produces ethylene sulfide polymers that melted at 481-485... 

Ethylene sulfide reacts with carbon disulfide in the presence of triethylamine as the catalyst to give a 63 % yield of trithiocarbonate 56. ... 

The stereoelectivity ratio was not modified when running a copolymerization reaction in the presence of achiral monomer e.g, ethylene sulfide. This confirms again the strong catalyst control process involved in these polymerization. 

Carbon-13 spectroscopy has been used very effectively by Corno and coworkers [115-117] to characterize the distributions of monomer sequences in copolymers derived from episulfides using anionic catalysts. Although chiral monomers were not employed in these studies, it is worth noting that tacticity effects had a relatively small effect on the resonance patterns observed, but that the chemical shifts of in-chain carbon atoms in different sequences were s ibstantially different. On the basis of assignments and empirical shift parameters developed by Corno, et al., the spectra of stereoregular ethylene sulfide-propylene sulfide copolymers and propylene sulfide-isobutylene sulfide copolymers should be readily analyzed. Studies on copolymers derived from racemic monomers indicate them to have random structures a similar result can be e3q>ected for copolymers derived from optically active monomers. 

Uses. Magnesium alkyls are used as polymerization catalysts for alpha-alkenes and dienes, such as the polymerization of ethylene (qv), and in combination with aluminum alkyls and the transition-metal haUdes (16—18). Magnesium alkyls have been used in conjunction with other compounds in the polymerization of alkene oxides, alkene sulfides, acrylonitrile (qv), and polar vinyl monomers (19—22). Magnesium alkyls can be used as a Hquid detergents (23). Also, magnesium alkyls have been used as fuel additives and for the suppression of soot in combustion of residual furnace oil (24). 

Hydrogen sulfide reacts with olefins under various conditions forming mercaptans and sulfides (108,109). With ethylene it can react to ultimately give diethyl sulfide (110). With unsymmetrical olefins, the direction of addition can be controlled by the choice of either a free-radical initiator, including ultraviolet light, or an acidic catalyst (110) ... 

The cadmium chalcogenide semiconductors (qv) have found numerous appHcations ranging from rectifiers to photoconductive detectors in smoke alarms. Many Cd compounds, eg, sulfide, tungstate, selenide, teUuride, and oxide, are used as phosphors in luminescent screens and scintiUation counters. Glass colored with cadmium sulfoselenides is used as a color filter in spectroscopy and has recently attracted attention as a third-order, nonlinear optical switching material (see Nonlinear optical materials). DiaLkylcadmium compounds are polymerization catalysts for production of poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), poly(vinyl acetate) (PVA), and poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA). Mixed with TiCl, they catalyze the polymerization of ethylene and propylene. 

Oxathiane and -dithiane are formed from ethylene oxide and hydrogen sulfide at 200°C in the presence of an aluminum oxide catalyst (65). 

Metathesis is the rupture and reformation of carbon-carbon bonds—for example, of propylene into ethylene plus butene. Catalysts are oxides, carbonyls, or sulfides of Mo, W, or Re. 

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