Ethylene fuel mixtures

Analysis had shown that the fuel behaved like ethylene-air mixture and the cloud could be so large that it could fill the whole calculation domain up to about 20 m high. The ethylene-air gas cloud was assumed to be a homogeneous stoichiometric mixture with the shape of a box. The following two cloud assumptions were chosen ... 

Fig. 17. The character of etching of platinum foils in ethylene/oxygen mixtures is a function of gas phase composition. Under excess fuel conditions between 500 and 700°C, carbon films containing platinum particles form on top of the foil. TEM micrograph of a carbon film formed after 40 h of treatment at 587°C in a fuel excess O2/C2H4 mixture (region IV). (Reprinted with permission from (55). Copyright 1985 American Chemical Society.)...

Fig. 4.15 The upper concentration limit for hydrogen + ethylene + air mixture versus the hydrogen concentration in the fuel at 21°C and 350°C, t = 10 min the solid cwve - calculation by the Le-Chatelier law...

For bio-based ethanol processes, the sugar to ethanol route has been proven to be efficient for sugarcane-based inputs. The other bio-based inputs are still less efficient. However, the growing demand of sugar for the bio-based economy will lower the amount of ethanol for fuel purposes from sugar, thus creating space for chemical ethanol production via the OCM process and subsequent conversion of ethylene/ ethane mixtures into ethanol. 

Fuel-pair mixtures, in soap bubbles ranging from 4 to 40 cm diameter and with no internal obstacles, produced flame speeds very close to laminar flame speeds. Cylindrical bubbles of various aspect ratios produced even lower flame speeds. For example, maximum flame speeds for ethylene of 4.2 m/s and 5.5 m/s were found in cylindrical and hemispherical bubbles, respectively (Table 4.1a). This phenomenon is attributed to reduced driving forces due to the top relief of combustion products. 

As an alternate to LNG, natural gas can be chemically converted to methanol, chemical feedstocks (such as ethylene), gasoline, or diesel fuel. Most processes start with the conversion of methane to synthesis gas, a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen. This can be done partial oxidation, an exothermic reaction ... 

Fischer Tropsch technology is best exemplified by the SASOL projects in South Africa. After coal is gasified to a synthesis gas mixture, it is purified in a rectisol unit. The purified gas mixture is reacted in a synthol unit over an iron-based catalyst. The main products are gasoline, diesel fuel, and jet fuels. By-products are ethylene, propylene, alpha olefins, sulfur, phenol, and ammonia which are used for the production of downstream chemicals. 

About half the propane produced annually in the U.S. is used as a domestic and industrial fuel. When it is used as a fuel, propane is not separated from the related compounds, butane, ethane, and propylene. Butane, with boiling point -0.5 °C (31.1 °F), however, reduces somewhat the rate of evaporation of the liquid mixture. Propane forms a solid hydrate at low temperatures, and this causes great inconvenience when a blockage occurs in a natural-gas line. Propane is used also as so-called bottled gas, as a motor fuel, as a refrigerant, as a low-temperature solvent, and as a source of propylene and ethylene. 

The transition length for deflagration to detonation is of the order of a meter for highly reactive fuels such as acetylene, hydrogen, and ethylene, but larger for most other hydrocarbon-air mixtures. Consequently, most laboratory... 

FIGURE 8.9 Effect of NO concentrations leaving the reaction zones of an ethylene-air flame ( = 1.68, T = 2030K) with various pydrine additions. Curve A, no pyridine addition curves B and C, 0.1-0.5 N by weight of fuel and curve D, NO addition to the fuel-air mixture (from Haynes etal. [14]). 

Uses Organic synthesis refrigerant fuel gas manufacture of ethylene solvent extractant aerosol propellant mixture for bubble chambers. 

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