Ethyl trichloroacetate, hydrolysis

Ethyl trichloroacetate is significantly more reactive toward hydrolysis than ethyl acetate. Explain this observation. 

An unusual outcome of addition of dichlorocarbene to olefins has been the direct synthesis of cyclopropanone acetals. When dichlorocarbene is generated from ethyl trichloroacetate by sodium alkoxide in a heptane-alcohol medium, carbene addition and solvolysis apparently proceed to a cyclopropanone acetal subsequent acid hydrolysis leads to the corresponding cyclopropanone. This same report claims the synthesis of the dichlorovinylcyclopropanone (68) without loss of the original chloro-substituents. 

Dichloroacetic acid is produced in the laboratory by the reaction of chloral hydrate [302-17-0] with sodium cyanide (31). It has been manufactured by the chlorination of acetic and chloroacetic acids (32), reduction of trichloroacetic acid (33), hydrolysis of pentachloroethane [76-01-7] (34), and hydrolysis of dichloroacetyl chloride. Due to similar boiling points, the separation of dichloroacetic acid from chloroacetic acid is not practical by conventional distillation. However, this separation has been accompHshed by the addition of a eotropeforming hydrocarbons such as bromoben2ene (35) or by distillation of the methyl or ethyl ester. 

Several extraction techniques have been reported in the literature for the analysis of sulfonamides. Because of their polar nature, sulfonamides are readily extracted by organic solvents ° ° the most commonly used are acetonitrile.Other organic solvents used for analyte extraction and protein precipitation include dichloromethane, " acetone, ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, " which are often used either alone or in conjunction with one another. Other techniques used for protein precipitation include the use of acids such as perchloric or formic and the use of basic buffers such as potassium hydrogen phosphate and ammonium sulfate. In the case of honey, the use of acids such as trichloroacetic, " " hydrochloric, and phosphoric is necessary for hydrolysis, releasing carbohydrate-bound sulfonamide residues. Other extraction techniques reported in the literature include the use of pressurized liquid extractions, " matrix solid-phase dispersion, and magnetic molec-ularly imprinted polymers. Of additional note, several authors have observed that analyte recoveries were largely... 

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