Ethanol synthesis, commercial drying

Cochineal pigments are extracted from dried bodies of female insects with water or with ethanol the result is a red solution that is concentrated in order to obtain the 2 to 5% carminic acid concentration customary for commercial cochineal. For carmine lakes, the minimum content of carminic acid is 50%. An industrial procedure applied in Spain uses ammonium hydroxide as the extracting agent and phosphoric acid as the acidifying agent. For analytical purposes the extraction is carried out with 2 N HCl at 100°C. The chemical synthesis of carminic acid has also been reported and is the subject of European and United States patents. ... 

DNA template preparations are a major source of contamination in cell-free synthesis. In vitro translation reactions are sensitive to contamination by salts, RNases, detergents, and alcohol, all of which are typically used in commercial plasmid purification kits. As such, plasmids prepared by resin-based purification protocols must be further purified by phe-nol/chloroform and chloroform extraction. DNA should be precipitated with isopropanol, washed in ethanol, dried, and taken up in RNase-free water to a concentration of about 1 mg mL . The DNA should be stored frozen, in small aliquots. 

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