Esophagus sphincter

The lower esophageal sphincter is a manometrically-defined zone of the distal esophagus with an elevated basal resting pressure. The sphincter is normally in a tonic, contracted state, preventing the reflux of gastric material from the stomach. It relaxes on swallowing to permit the free passage of food into the stomach. 

Peppermint oil is widely advocated it acts as an antispas-modic agent due to its ability to relax gastrointestinal smooth muscle. However, it also relaxes the lower esophageal sphincter, which could allow reflux of gastric contents into the esophagus. The usual dose is 1 to 2 enteric-coated capsules containing 0.2 mL of peppermint oil two to three times daily. 

The gastrointestinal system of zebrafish presents clear differences from the human system. The zebrafish does not possess a stomach, the intestine is continuous with the pharynx through a short esophagus, and no sphincters are present [61]. However, zebrafish have most of the cell types observed in the small intestine -absorptive, endocrine, goblet, and interstitial cells of Cajal, although Paneth cells are absent. Gut contractions are under the control of the enteric nervous systems, which respond to different pharmaceuticals in similar way as the mammalian counterpart. For example, zebrafish embryos can be used as predictor of emetic response to pharmaceuticals, one of the most commonly reported clinical adverse effects to be considered in the development of new dmgs [61]. 

The lower part of the esophagus ends with the esophageal sphincter, which prevents acid reflux from the stomach... 

As phase III of one cycle reaches the end of the distal ileum (ileocecal junction), phase I of the next cycle begins in the stomach (proximal) or esophagus (lower esophageal sphincter). However, sometimes MMC may originate in the duodenum or jejunum and some MMC may not have action potentials strong enough to traverse through the entire small intestine. Phase... 

Food is broken into small pieces by chewing. Amylase in saliva digests starches. Food is swallowed and moves down the esophagus to the stomach in an involuntary movement called peristalsis. The esophagus is lined with mucous membranes that secrete mucus. The esophagus has two sphincters. These are ... 

Superior (Hyperpharyngeal) Sphincter Allows food to enter the esophagus... 

Lower Sphincter Prevents gastric juices from entering the esophagus (gastric reflux)... 

The cardiac sphincter is a circular muscle at the opening of the stomach leading from the esophagus that controls contents entering the stomach. 

Gastroesophageal reflux has been associated with asthma for many years. Nocturnal asthma may be associated with nighttime reflux. Reflux of acidic gastric contents into the esophagus is thought to initiate a vagally mediated reflex bronchoconstriction. Also of concern is that most medications that decrease airways smooth muscle tone have a relaxant effect on gastroesophageal sphincter tone as well. The... 

Esophageal manometry to evaluate motility should be performed in any patient who is a candidate for antireflux smgery. Esophageal manometry is useful in determining which surgical procedure is best for the patient. To perform manometry, a multilumen tube is passed into the stomach and the pressures are measured as the tube is pulled back across the lower esophageal sphincter, esophagus, and pharynx. 

BE Barrett s esophagus ENRD endoscopy-negative reflux disease GERD gastroesophageal reflux disease LES lower esophageal sphincter NERD nonerosive reflux disease... 

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