Escherichia coli mevalonate pathway

Sprenger, G.A. et al.. Identification of a thiamin-dependent synthase in Escherichia coli required for the formation of the 1-deoxy-D-xylulose 5-phosphate precursor to isoprenoids, thiamin, and pyridoxol, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 94, 12857, 1997. Lange, B.M. et al., A family of transketolases that directs isoprenoid biosynthesis via a mevalonate-independent pathway, Proc. Natl. Acad Sci. USA 95, 2100, 1998. Lois, L.M. et al., Cloning and characterization of a gene from Escherichia coli encoding a transketolase-like enzyme that catalyzes the synthesis of D-1- deoxyxylulose 5-phosphate, a common precursor for isoprenoid, thiamin, and pyridoxol biosynthesis, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 95, 2105, 1998. 

Pitera, D.J., Paddon, C.J., Newman, J.D. and Keasling, J.D. (2007) Balancing a heterologous mevalonate pathway for improved isoprenoid production in Escherichia coli. Metabolic Engineering, 9, 193-207. 

DUVOLD, T., CALI, P., BRAVO, J.-M., ROHMER, M., Incorporation of 2-C-methyl-D-erythritol, a putative isoprenoid precursor in the mevalonate-independent pathway, into ubiquinone and menaquinone of Escherichia coli, Tetrahedron Lett., 1997, 38, 6181-6184. 

Martin VJJ, Pitera DJ, Withers ST, Newman JD, Keasling JD. (2003) Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for production of terpenoids. Nature Biotechnol 21 796-802. 

Menaquinone. The incorporation of [2- C]mevalonate and [2- C]-2-methyl-l,4-naphthoquinone into MK-4, normally considered a bacterial quinone, has been demonstrated in marine invertebrates such as crabs and starfish." Incorporation into 2,3-epoxy-MK-4 (163) was also observed. Cell-free extracts have been prepared from Escherichia coli which catalyse the conversion of o-succinylbenzoic acid (164) into l,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (165) and menaquinones. In the presence of farnesyl pyrophosphate the major menaquinone produced was MK-3. Genetic studies with mutants of E. coli K12 that require (164) offer support for the generally accepted pathway for MK biosynthesis via (164) and (165)." The enzyme system that catalyses the attachment of the polyprenyl side-chain to 1,4-dihydroxy-2-naphthoic acid to form demethylmenaquinone-9 (166) has been isolated from E. colU ... 

Kim, S.W. and Keasling, J.D. (2001) Metabolic engineering of the non-mevalonate isopentenyl diphosphate synthesis pathway in Escherichia coli enhances lycopene production. Biotechnol, Bioeng, 72 (4), 408—415. 

Anthony JR, Anthony LC, Nowroozi F, Kwon G, Newman JD, Keasling JD (2009) Optimization of the mevalonate-based isoprenoid biosynthetic pathway in Escherichia coli for production of the anti-malarial drug precursor amorpha-4,11-diene. Metab Eng 11 13-19 Aubel D, Morris R, Lennon B, Rimann M, Kaufmann H, Folcher M, Bailey JE, Thompson CJ, Fussenegger M (2001) Design of a novel mammalian screening system for the detection of bioavailable, non-cytotoxic streptogramin antibiotics. J Antibiot 54 44-55 Baltz RH (2006) Molecular engineering approaches to peptide, polyketide and other antibiotics. Nat Biotechnol 24 1533-1540... 

Wang, C., Yoon, S.H., Shah, AA., Chung, Y.R. et at (2010) Famesol production om Escherichia coli by harnessing the exogenous mevalonate pathway. BiotechnoL Bioeng., 107, 421-429. 

Lee, S.H. et al. (2007) Increased beta-carotene production in recombinant Escherichia coli harboring an engineered isoprenoid precursor pathway with mevalonate addition. BiotechnoL Progr, 23, 599-605. 

Loscos N, Hemandez-Orte P, Cacho J, Ferreira V (2007) Release and formation of varietal aroma compounds during alcoholic fermentation from nonfloral grape odorless flavor precursors fractions. J Agric Food Chem 55(16) 6674—6684. doi 10.1021/jfl)702343 Martin VI, Pitera DJ, Withers ST, Newman JD, Keasling JD (2003) Engineering a mevalonate pathway in Escherichia coli for production of terpenoids. Nat Biotechnol 21(7) 796-802. doi 10.1038/nbt833... 

The usual method of study is to suggest a possible precursor and to feed it to the biosynthesizing system. The precursor has to be labelled in some way to trace it through the sequence of reactions, and that is usually by some isotopic element. It may be a radio-active isotope, such as H, " 0, or that can be followed by its radiation or it can be a stable heavy isotope, such as H, C, N, or 0, that can be traced by mass spectrometry or nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy (Table 5.1). Another possible way is to use mutant strains of an organism that lack the enzymes to complete a particular synthesis, or to add a specific enzyme inhibitor, so that intermediates accumulate and can be identified. A mutant strain of yeast was important in discovering mevalonic acid and its place in terpene biosynthesis (Chapter 6) and a number of mutants of the bacterium Escherichia coli helped to understand the shikimic acid pathway (Chapter 8). 

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