Epoxidation biological

In 2006 the preparation of simplified analogs of natural occurring enediynes, e.g. antitumor antibiotic dynemicin, was reported by Banfi and coworkers. They succeeded in synthesizing two different classes of such compounds where the embedded 10-membered enediyne system is fused either with a (3-lactam ring (lactenediynes) or with an epoxide. Biological tests on these molecules have demonstrated that some representatives are able to cleave the double strand of DNA even at very low concentrations [408]. 

Many naturally occurring substances are epoxides You have seen two examples of such compounds already m disparlure the sex attractant of the gypsy moth (Section 6 18) and m the carcinogenic epoxydiol formed from benzo[a]pyrene (Section 118) In most cases epoxides are biosynthesized by the enzyme catalyzed transfer of one of the oxy gen atoms of an O2 molecule to an alkene Because only one of the atoms of O2 is trans ferred to the substrate the enzymes that catalyze such transfers are classified as monooxy genases A biological reducing agent usually the coenzyme NADH (Section 15 11) is required as well... 

A prominent example of such a reaction is the biological epoxidation of the poly ene squalene... 

The reactivity of epoxides toward nucleophilic ring opening is responsible for one of the biological roles they play Squalene 2 3 epoxide for example is the biological... 

Cyclic polyoxiranes have, in recent years, provided a fruitful playground for the synthesis of fascinating structures (80T833). Most significant from the mechanistic, synthetic and biological viewpoints are the di- and tri-epoxides of benzene, all four of which (36-39) are known. 

Alkylamines have a variety of applications in the chemical industry as starting materials for the preparation of insecticides and pharmaceuticals. Labetalol, for instance, a so-called /3-blocker used for the treatment of hi h blood pressure, is prepared by SN2 reaction of an epoxide with a primary amine. The substance marketed for drug use is a mixture of all four possible stereoisomers, but the biological activity derives primarily from the (R,R) isomer. 

Chapter 7, Alkenes Reactions and Synthesis—Alkene epoxidation has been moved to Section 7.8, and Section 7.11 on the biological addition of radicals to alkenes has been substantially expanded. 

Figure 7.2 Biologically interesting molecules prepared by (salen)chromium-catalyzed ARO of epoxides with azide.

Tetrahydropyran- and tetrahydrofuran-substituted rings are common in many complex natural products, such as polyether antibiotics, displaying a wide range of biological properties [4]. An appropriate combination of OH-directed diastereose-lective epoxidation of y- and 8-alkenols [VO(acac)2/TBHP or MCPBA] [5] or ster-... 

Epoxides are found in thousands of biological molecules and constitute vital functional entities. They can impart localized structural rigidity, confer cytotoxicity through their role as alkylating agents, or act as reactive intermediates in complex synthetic sequences. The widespread occurrence of epoxides is contrasted by only a handful of aziridines that are known to date. In this chapter we would like to introduce the different mechanisms by which enzymes produce epoxides. 

Of course, (+)-disparlure is only one of the many natural products that contain either an epoxide or an aziridine. Important and intriguing biologically active compounds such as the mitomycins, azinomycins, and epothilones also bear these functional groups. 

Philleo et al. (29) recently confirmed the inhibitory action of methylene dioxyphenyl groups on biological oxidations in insects, including epoxidation and hydroxylation of certain compounds. 

Sodium hexakis(formato)molybdate, 3, 1235 Sodium hypochlorite alkene epoxidation manganese catalysts, 6,378 Sodium ions biology, 6, 559 selective binding biology, 6, 551 Sodium molybdate, 3, 1230 Sodium peroxoborate, 3,101 Sodium/potassium ATPase, 6, 555 vanadate inhibition, 3, 567 Sodium pump, 6, 555 mechanism, 6, 556 Sodium pyroantimonate, 3, 265 Sodium salts... 

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