Enzymes adaptive responses

Holloszy, J. 0., Oscal, L. B., Don, I. J. and Mole, P.A. (1970) Mitochondrial citric acid cycle and related enzymes adaptive response to exercise. Blochem. Blophys. Res. Commun. 40 1368-73. 

Alessio, H.M. and Goldfarb, A.H. (1988). Lipid peroxidation and scavenger enzymes during exercise adaptive response to training. J. Appi. Physiol. 64, 1333-1336. 

Fig. 11.4. Model for cholinergic signalling in the intestinal mucosa, providing a possible rationale for AChE secretion by parasitic nematodes. ACh released from enteric cholinergic motor neurons stimulates chloride secretion, mucus secretion and Paneth cell exocytosis through muscarinic receptors. Secretory responses may be modulated by mast cell mediators, either directly or via the induction of neural reflex programmes. The role of muscarinic receptor-positive cells in the lamina propria of rats infected with N. brasiliensis is undetermined, as are potential mechanisms of trans-epithelial transport of the enzymes. Adapted from Cooke (1984).

Chronic exposure of animals or cultured cells to alcohol elicits a multitude of adaptive responses involving neurotransmitters and their receptors, ion channels, and enzymes that participate in signal transduction pathways. Up-... 

There is no dearth of chemical compounds that will cause a rise in blood pressure when injected into the experimental animal. Extracts of plant and animal tissues yield several, and enzymes present in the tissues will often produce pressor substances as a result of autolysis. For a chemical agent then to be proved as a cause of hypertension it must be found as such in the animal and in greater amount in the hypertensive than in the normal animal. The substance must be capable of producing a continued elevation of blood pressure when administered continuously to the normal animal. The substance must be of such a nature that the body does not make corrective or adaptive responses to it. In this fashion tachyphylaxis or immunological reactions may reduce the action of certain agents if given repeatedly. 

AGT I plays a key role in the adaptive response and hence, it is sometimes also referred to as Ada and it is encoded by the ada gene in E. coli. It is unusual in that it becomes inactivated as a consequence of the transfer of the alkyl group to its cysteine residues and hence it is described as a suicide enzyme. 06-AGT I has dual functions one as a repair protein and the other as a transcriptional regulator of genes involved in the repair of alkylation damage. Levels of the protein increase... 

Salmons, S. and Henrlksson, J. (1981) The adaptive response of skeletal muscle to Increased use. Muscle Nerve 4 94-105. Holloszy, J. 0. (1967) Biochemical adaptations In muscle. Effects of exercise on mitochondrial oxygen uptake and respiratory enzyme activity In skeletal muscle. J. Biol. Chem. 242 2278-82. 

Figure 12. (A) The amperometric response of (a) a polypyrrole-viologen-nitrate reductase electrode and (b) an identical electrode constructed without the enzyme, in response to injections (a) increasing the nitrate concentration by 3.5 pM, and (y) of buffer. (B) Calibration curves (inset smaller concentration range) for the response to nitrate of a polypyrrole-viologen-nitrate reductase electrode at —0.7 V vs. SCE. Adapted from Ref. [106a with permission.

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