Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay human albumin

Test strips, which are available for the determination of about ten low-molecular mass substances (metabolites, drugs, and electrolytes) and eight enzymes [356], can be considered as precursors of optoelectronic biosensors. Efficient optoelectronic sensors based on immobilized dyes have been devised for the determination of glucose, urea, penicillin, and human serum albumin [357]. Other approaches use immobilized luciferase or horseradish peroxidase to assay ATP or NADH or, when coupled with oxidases, to measure uric acid or cholesterol. These principles have not yet been generally accepted for use in routine analysis. Thermistor devices involving immobilized enzymes or antibodies for a number of clinically relevant substances have also been described. Thermometric enzyme linked immunosorbent assays are being routinely employed for monitoring the production of monoclonal antibodies. 

The primary alternative to the instrumental methods summarized above is immunodetection of EA with specific antibodies. Antiserum raised in response to immunization with lysergol (6a) coupled to human serum albumin recognizes several EA (100). Used for competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), this broad-spectrum antiserum allows rapid detection of total EA in many samples concurrently. However, it does not separately quantify the different EA that contribute to the profile, and different EA show different reactivities to the antiserum. Monoclonal antibodies specific for individual EA species, such as ergotamine, also have been raised and provide an effective means for detection and quantification of the particular EA, as well as a valuable tool for physiological studies (101). 

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