Engineering design, chemical reactivity

Engineering design, chemical reactivity hazard management, 23 Equipment design, documentation, 105 Equipment sizing, risk assessment, 95 Existing management systems, chemical... 

CCPS G-13. Guidelines for Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Applications to Process Design. American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Center for Chemical Process Safety, New York. 

Engineering factors include (a) contaminant characteristics such as physical and chemical properties - concentration, particulate shape, size distribution, chemical reactivity, corrosivity, abrasiveness, and toxicity (b) gas stream characteristics such as volume flow rate, dust loading, temperature, pressure, humidity, composition, viscosity, density, reactivity, combustibility, corrosivity, and toxicity and (c) design and performance characteristics of the control system such as pressure drop, reliability, dependability, compliance with utility and maintenance requirements, and temperature limitations, as well as size, weight, and fractional efficiency curves for particulates and mass transfer or contaminant destruction capability for gases or vapors. 

Timely and up-to-date, this book provides broad coverage of the complex relationships involved in the interface between gas/solid, liquid/solid, and solid/solid...addresses the importance of the fundamental steps in the creation of electrical glow discharge... describes principles in the creation of chemically reactive species and their growth in the luminous gas phase... considers the nature of the surface-state of the solid and the formation of the imperturbable surface-state by the contacting phase or environment... offers examples of the utilization of LCVD in interface engineering processes...presents a new perspective on low-pres.sure plasma and emphasizes the importance of the chemical reaction that occur in the luminous gas phase...and considers the use of LCVD in the design of biomaterials. 

Federsel, H.-J. Jakupovic, E. A highly optimized and concise large scale synthesis of purive bronchodilator. In Process Chemistry in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Gadamasetti, K.G., Ed. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, 1999 91-106, Chap. 6. Guidelines for Chemical Reactivity Evaluation and Application to Process Design Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers New York, 1995. 

Anti-wear and load-carrying additives work by reacting with ferrous metal surfaces. The metal surfaces have to be sufficiently reactive themselves for the additive to work, which is the case with traditional steels such as M50 and M50 NiL but problems are encountered with more corrosion-resistant steels. These steels are designed to be chemically less reactive to inhibit corrosion but this affects the ability of the anti-wear additive to react with the metal surface. It is desirable to use these corrosion-resistant steels in engine design and the quest for an additive system that works with corrosion-resistant steels, without adversely affecting other areas of performance, is currently the subject of much research in the aero-engine lubrication community. 

Transition metal alkoxides are much more reactive toward hydrolysis and condensation than silicon alkoxides. This arises mainly from the larger size and lower electronegativity of transition metal elements. Coordination expansion becomes a key parameter that controls the molecular structure and chemical reactivity of these alkoxides. Hydrolysis and condensation rates of silicon alkoxides must be increased by acid or base catalysis, whereas they must be carefully controlled for the other metal alkoxides. The chemical modification of transition metal alkoxides leads to the development of a new molecular engineering. The chemical design of these new precursors allows the sol-gel synthesis of shaped materials in the form of fine powders, fibers, or films. 

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