Engine cosmological

Whose morning coffee chats about piiysics, engineering and cosmology kept my sanity in check. 

As we have seen a number of times already, in his articles on Steam and the Steam Engine in the 1797, third, edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, Watt s close friend John Robison wrote about steam in terms that were still significantly faithful to the original ideas with which Black and Watt had worked. Reading those articles is to see an earlier cosmology preserved as if in amber. Robison depicted steam as a compound of water with latent heat. Writing about a steam bubble formed in boiling water, he stated ... 

Thus the universe as a whole can never return to its initial state. Remarkably, the Carnot analysis of heat engines has led to a formulation of a cosmological principle. The two laws of thermodynamics are best summarized by Rudolf Clausius ... 

Thermodynamics is an essential part of many fields of science chemistry, biology, biotechnology, physics, cosmology, all fields of engineering, earth science, among others. Thermodynamics of systems at equilibrium has been developed for more than one hundred years the presentation of Willard Gibbs [1] is precise, authoritative and erudite it has been followed by numerous books on this subject [2-5], and we assume that the reader has at least an elementary knowledge of this field and basic chemical kinetics. 

Throughout this period astronomy held onto its reputation as the best route to the understanding of the world and so came to colour the mathematics passed down to us. Much mathematical invention and discovery, such as John Napier s (1550-1617) algorithms, was in response to the immediate requirements of observational astronomy and the changing cosmology. Much of modern mathematics as it has developed is an indirect reflection of the heavens which in turn influence engineering by that indirect route. 

For explorations into the idea of the universe as an engineered system, see Dominic Halsmer et al., The Applicability of Engineering Design Principles in Formulating a Coherent Cosmology... 

Halsmer, D., Halsmer, N., Johnson, R., Wanjiku, J. (2008). The applicability of engineering design principles in formulating a coherent cosmology and worldview. Proceedings of the 2008 ASEE Annual Conference. 

On the other hand, we may look at thermal feeling of our planetary ecosystems, which, in general, is influenced by positioning in interstellar space [9,191]. No planet is a closed system neither is it in contact with two or more thermal baths. Each planet is in contact with a hot radiator (sun 5800 K) and cold radiation sinks (outer space 2.75 K). Each planet therefore realizes a kind of a specific cosmological engine. Being a sphere is crucial because of its rotation and revolution modes with an inclined axis, which are responsible for the richness and complexity in the behavior induced by the solar influx. The atmospheric fluid motion adds the spice of chaos so that the thermodynamic events, which take place within a planet, are sustained by non-equilibrium flows, which must obey the fundamental laws of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. 

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