Energy per molecule

Constant relating wave number and energy per molecule k = Boltzmann constant... 

For any substance, the total thermal energy is the sum of the energies of all the molecules. In other words, thermal energy is equal to the energy per molecule multiplied by the number of molecules. A volume of air may have a high temperature, but does not necessarily have a lot of thermal energy because the... 

The average kinetic energy expressed by Equation is kinetic energy per molecule. We find the total kinetic energy ( kinetic molar) of one mole of gas molecules by multiplying Equation by Avogadro s number ... 

In ionic crystals with d = nearest neighbor distance, the ions repulse each other strongly when d becomes smaller than the equilibrium value d0. This can be described by an inverse power function, +l/dn, where n is a power of order, 9. As for the electrostatic attractions, these repulsions must be summed over the N molecules of the crystal structure, yielding another constant, D. The energy, < > per molecule (ion pair) is then ... 

We can convert this energy per molecule into kj mol-1 by the following conversion. 

The energy transferred during an inelastic collision passes from the hot molecule of steam to the cooler mirror. This energy flows in this direction because the steam initially possessed more energy per molecule than the mirror as a consequence of its higher temperature. It is merely a manifestation of the minus-oneth law of thermodynamics, as discussed in Chapter 1. 

Second, the KMT relates the average kinetic energy of the gas particles to the Kelvin temperature. We can represent the average kinetic energy per molecule as ... 

Liquid Corresponding temperature 0-7 of T,. 6 total surface energy per molecule X10 ergs X internal latent heat of vaporisation per molecule X10 ergs j=X-e energy changed from potential to kinetic -when molecule jumps from surface to vapour, per molecule x 10 ergs X... 

The average value of the square velocity has been used in Equation (12) to allow for the fact that a distribution of molecular velocities exists. The nature of the averaging procedure to be used in this case is well established from physical chemistry. We also know from physical chemistry that the average kinetic energy per molecule (KE) per degree of freedom is... 

For a crystal with the sodium chloride structure containing univalent cations and anions with radii r+ and r, respectively, the total energy per molecule then becomes... 

Consider a molecular-level view of a portion of the fluid shown schematically in Fig. 12.9. A test plane is placed at height z, where the temperature is T (z). Molecules in the upper plane at z + L (L is the mean-free-path length) have temperature T + L(dT/dz) molecules in the lower plane at z — L have temperature T — L(dT/dz). Because of the temperature gradient, the average energy per molecule e will vary with height ... 

Temperature How warm or cold an object is relative to some standard. Also, a measure of the average kinetic energy per molecule of a substance, measured in degrees Celsius, degrees Fahrenheit, or kelvins. 

Example of Binding Energies Contrast the binding energy per nucleon in a 160 nucleus with the binding energy per molecule in liquid water. 

In our lattice model, each lattice site occupies a single lattice cell of volume v. In view of the cooperative nature of the hole motion, the barrier energy is treated by a mean field average [28], and is related to the Gibbs free energy per molecule (Ag) in a system restrained to single occupancy of cells by... 

Now suppose the partial pressure of the vapor near the droplet is changed by a small amount dp (keeping the temperature constant). This produces a corresponding change in the free energy per molecule of vapor da and in the free energy per molecule of droplet If Va is the volume occupied per molecule in the vapor phase and Vb the volume occupied per molecule in the liquid phase,... 

The value of DFT is evidently dependent on the accessibility and accuracy of the grand potential functional, Si [p(r)]. The usual practice is to treat the molecules as hard spheres and divide the fluid-fluid potential into attractive and repulsive parts. A mean field approximation is used to simplify the former by the elimination of correlation effects. The hard sphere term is further divided into an ideal gas component and an excess component (Lastoskie etal., 1993). The ideal component is considered to be exactly local, since this part of the Helmholtz free energy per molecule depends only on the density at a particular value of r. 

In other words, there will be a flow of molecules between all the different states until (4) is satisfied, i.e. equilibrium is established when the value of Hi + kT In Xl is uniform throughout. The quantity /x is the chemical potential (T 8.2.2) and it specifies the total free energy per molecule. It includes interaction and thermal energies. The factor MnXn gives the entropy of confining the molecules. 

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