Energy metabolic rate

Karamushko, L.I. and Shatunovsky, M.I. (1993). Quantitative problems of temperature effect in relation to energy metabolism rate in Gadus morhua, Anarhichas lupus and Pleuronectes platessa (In Russian). Voprosy Ikhtiologii 33,111-120. 

Metabolic rate (M) The rate of transformation of chemical energy into heat and mechanical work by aerobic and anaerobic metabolic activities w ithin an organism, usually expressed per unit area of the total body surface, in met or W m -. 

Metabolic rate, basal (BM) Metabolic energy transformation calculated from measurements of heat production or oxygen consumption in an organism in a rested, awake, fasting, and thermoneutral state, in W nr. ... 

Rolfe, D. F., and Brown, G. C., 1997. Cellular energy utilization and molecular oriffin of standard metabolic rate in mammals. Physiological Reviews 77 731-758. 

THE METABOLIC RATE IS THE ENERGY OUTPUT OF THE ENTIRE BODY... 

The basal metabolic rate for adults is 1 to 1.2 Calories/minute or 60 to 72 Calories/hour. This energy powers the movement of the chest during respiration and the beating of the heart—processes that are obviously necessary for life. However, a surprisingly large fraction of the BMR is used by cells to maintain ionic gradients between their interior and the fluid that surrnunds them (the interstitial fluid nr tissue fluid). 

The Costs of Locomotion. Because oxygen is required for energy-producing metabolic reactions (respiration), there is a direct correlation between the amount of oxygen consumed and the metabolic rate. Not surprisingly, metabolic rates increase with activity. During exercise, a person will consume fifteen to twenty times more oxygen than when at rest. 

Nonetheless, birds have higher metabolic rates than mammals of similar size. Most small mammals reduce energy costs by seeking protected environments birds spend much of their time exposed. Also, because fat is heavy, the need to fly restricts a bird s ability to store energy. Even with a high-protein diet, a bird must eat as much as 3(1 percent of its body... 

Figure 2. Force generation and energy metabolism in human quadriceps femoris muscle stimulated intermittently at 20 Hz, with 1.6 sec tetani with 1.6 sec rest periods between tetani. The upper panel shows force, ATP turnover rate, and pH the middle panel, the concentrations of PCr, P and lactate and the lower panel, ATP, ADP, IMP, H, and calculated H2PO4. From Hultman et al. (1990), with permission from Human Kinetics Publishers.

Figure 11.1. A flow-model scheme for treating the protein routing question. Labels refer to flow rates of carbon. The total carbon flux, into and out of the body, is 1, divided into F (for protein) and 1 - F for the remainder. The significant relevant internal fluxes are between the amino acid pool (coupled to the body protein pool), and the energy metabolism pool . The extent to which protein routing is observable in the body protein composition depends on the value ofX (See Fig. 11.2). Numbers in refer to suggested isotopic fractionations associated with a metabolic path, which are consistent with the data of the Ambrose and Norr (1993) and Tieszen and Fagre (1993) data set (see Section 4.1).

A person s metabolic rate is the primary determinant of energy expenditure. Metabolic rate is enhanced following food consumption and directly related to the amount and type.16 Physical inactivity may predispose an individual to overweight... 

Energy metabolism by regulating food intake, digestion, and metabolic rate... 

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