6-Endotoxin definition

Mammalian MTs are known to accumulate after administration of various metal salts. This control is not exclusive, however, as a variety of other stimuli also trigger MT synthesis, including several hormones, tissue injury, bacterial endotoxin and interferon (see Karin, 1985 Hamer, 1986). Each of these factors relates directly or indirectly to various acute stresses. This could indicate that MT is a general stress protein. Such a definition is incomplete because MT levels also change during embryo-genesis and tissue differentiation. This has prompted the suggestion that the primary role of MT is as a modulator of cellular activity (Karin, 1985). 

Finally, a number of Supplementary Chapters describe important topics such as endotoxin testing, statistical analysis of experimental results and guides for the nomenclature of complex natural or semi-synthetic drugs. Supplementary Chapter III F describes the validation of analytical procedures and contains a glossary of terms and their definitions, such as specificity, accuracy, precision, detection limit, etc. 

It is too early to definitively identify the molecular mechanism(s) by which CLA, or specific isomers thereof, modulate immune reactivity and reduce disease. Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor-y (PPAR-y) activation has been proposed as a mechanism by which CLA exerts some of its biological effects (23). Although PPAR-y may play a role in some of the effects caused by dietary CLA, and these effects could be mediated via the downregulation of the NFkB pathway (24), there are some inconsistencies in the isomer-specific effects on the regulation of COX-2 and some of the products of the NFkB pathway. For example, Yu et al. (23) demonstrated that both the t9,cll and the tl0,cl2 isomers of CLA increase PPAR-y, and decrease TNFa however, only the c9,tll isomer decreased endotoxin-induced TNFa (12). If CLA-fed animals are more resistant to endotoxin (above) and if endotoxin downregulates PPAR-y (24), could PPAR-y regulation explain the wide array of effects attributed to dietary CLA ... 

For dosage forms for parenteral administration the Ph. Eur. sets hmits for bacterial endotoxins and pyrogens. For definition and difference see Sect. 19.3.4. Ph. Eur. chapter 2.6.14 Bacterial endotoxins describes six different methods of which the LAL test (gel-clot-method) is the... 

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