Encyclopedia functional polymers

Figure 3.3 Solution process polystyrene reactors as a function of axial and radial mixing. Reproduced with permission from Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Mark (Ed.), John Wiley Sons, NY. Copyright John Wiley Sons...

Kobayashi S (1997) Introduction. In Kobayashi S (ed) Catalysis in precision polymerization. WUey, Chichester, UK, p 1 Kobayashi S, Shoda S, Uyama H (1995) Adv Polym Sci 121 1 Kobayashi S, Shoda S, Uyama H (1996) Enzymatic polymerization. In Salamone JC (ed) The polymeric materials encyclopedia. CRC Press, Roca Raton, FL, p 2102 Kobayashi S, Shoda S, Uyama H (1997) Enzymatic catalysis. In Kobayashi S (ed) Catalysis in precision polymerization. Wiley, Chichester, UK, p 417 Ritter H (1997) In Arshady R (ed) Desk reference of functional polymers, synthesis and applications. American Chemical Society, Washington, DC, p 103 Kobayashi S, Uyama H (1998) Biocatalytical routes to polymers. In Schlueter AD (ed) Material science and technology-synthesis of polymers. Wiley, Weinheim, Germany, p 549... 

Figure 12.6 TensUe strength of monodisperse polystyrene as a function of molecular weight. From Hahnfeld, J. L., and B. D. Dalke General purpose polystyrene, in Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, 2nd ed., vol. 16, H. F. Mark, N. M. Bikales, C. G. Overberger, and G. Menges (eds.) Copyright 1989 by John Wiley Sons, Inc. This material is used by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc.

Mayo JD, Behai S, Adronov A (2009) Phase separation of polymer-functionalized SWNTs within a PMMA/Polystyrene blends. J Poiym Sci Poiym Chem 47 450-458 Cou JY, Lensch-Falk JL, Hemesath ER, Lauhon LJ (2009) Vanadium oxide nanowire Phase and orientation analyzed by Raman spectroscopy. J Appl Phys 105 034310-1-034310-6 Wang ZL (2004) Functional oxides nanobelts-materials, properties and potential applications in nanosystems and biotechnology. Annu Rev Phys Chem 55 159-196 Bliznyuk VN, Singamaneni S (2009) Polymer carbon nanotube composites. Encyclopedia of nanoscience and nanotechnology, (2012), ASP, Ed. H. S. Nalwa... 

Kokufuta E. Functional immobilized biocatalysts prepared using stimulus-sensitive polymer gels. In Salamone JC, ed. The Polymeric Materials Encyclopedia Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Vol. 4, F-G. New York CRC Press, 1996 2615-2621. 

Enthalpy and Heat Capacity Relaxation. The conventional techniques based on differential scanning calorimetry by which enthalpy relaxation is measured at different cooling and heating rates is discussed elsewhere in the encyclopedia by others. Extensive review of the subject can be foimd in Reference 160. Measurements of heat capacity and entropy of polymers as a function of temperature are well documented and the data can be found in Reference 161. Frequency-dependent heat capacity spectroscopy has been developed (162,163) and apphca-tion to study the local segmental d5mamics of polymers has been made (163). 

Figures Shapes and functionality (a) linear assemblies of bifunctional rodlike, spherical, disklike unimers (F = 2, S = 2) (b) helical, planar, three-dimensional assemblies (F > 2, S > 2) (c) linear polymers, branching, and termination for various Fand S (d) assembly of unimers with different shapes and functionalities (note two square unimers not consistent with the final structure). (From A. Ciforri. Encyclopedia of Supramolecular Chemistry, J.L. Atwood and J.W. Steed Eds., New York M. Dekker, 2004. With permission www.tandf.co.uk/journals)...

Chung TC (1996) Functionalization of polyolefins using borane monomcns and transition metal catalysts. Polym Mater Encyclopedia 4 2681... 

Perhaps the most common application of VS in the determination of chemical makeup in polymeric systems is the identification of components in complex polymer mixtures. Polymeric products are rarely composed of a single component. There are always additives present that aid in processing, appearance, adhesion, chemical stability or other properties important to the function of the final product. In an industrial setting, it is important to be able to determine both the identity and quantity of polymers and additives in a specific formulation for quality control purposes. This can be a fairly routine operation if tools such as spectral libraries are utilized. In this method, a computer search algorithm compares a spectrum with a catalogue of standard spectra to determine the identity of the compovmd or compounds present. Advanced statistical techniques, such as partial least squares (PLS) and principal-component analysis (PCA), are also often used to identify known and unknown components in polymeric systems. The details of these methods are described elsewhere in the Encyclopedia. 

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