Emperors

Lead is a bluish-white metal of bright luster, is very soft, highly malleable, ductile, and a poor conductor of electricity. It is very resistant to corrosion lead pipes bearing the insignia of Roman emperors, used as drains from the baths, are still in service. It is used in containers for corrosive liquids (such as sulfuric acid) and may be toughened by the addition of a small percentage of antimony or other metals. 

Many cities of the world do not levy a separate fee on water distributed, and even in those places where water is in shortest supply, a minimal ration may be free to everyone. The problem of wasted water and unmetered water a dding to the overall water demand is not new. In ancient Rome, fountains were coimected to the pubHc water by privately installed and owned lead pipelines, many of which were unrecorded, illegal, and hence untaxed. Frontius, the water commissioner of Emperor Nerva of Rome in AD 96, developed cmde meters to increase revenue and cut demand. 

Another ancient dye is the deep blue indigo [482-89-3], the presence of two bromine atoms at positions gives the dye Tyrian purple [19201 -53-7] once laboriously extracted from certain sea shells and worn by Roman emperors. 

In Ancient Rome, Pliny the Elder (c. a.d. 23-79) dedicated 37 volumes of Natural History to the emperor Titus. In the last of these books, dealing with gems and precious stones, he describes the properties of the fossil resin, amber. The ability of amber to attract dust was recognised and in fact the word electricity is derived from elektron, the Greek for amber. 

When Napoleon fell from power, however, Laplace carefully dissociated himself from the emperor. In the Senate, Laplace voted for the return of the Bourbon monarchy and absented himself from Paris in 1815 during Napoleon s brief hundred-day return from Elba. In 1817 Louis XVIII raised Laplace to the rank of marquis. Laplace remained loyal to the Bourbons for the rest of his life, and his 1826 refusal to sign a petition supporting freedom of the press condemned him as far as the liberals in the Academy were concerned. 

Lise Meitner grew up in the Vienna of Emperor Franz-Josef and horsedrawn trolley cars. She was born there in 1878 into a well-to-do Jewish family and decided at an early age that she wanted to be a scientist like Madame Curie. (Later Albert Einstein would call her the German Madame Curie. ) In 1901, she entered the University of Vienna. There, where serious women students were considered odd, she was treated rudely by many of her fellow students. In 1905 she was only the second woman in the university s history to receive a Pli.D. in science. 

Siemens constructed the first electric railway shown at the Berlin Trade Fair of 1879 and the first electrically-operated lift m 1880, and the first electric trams began operating in Berlin in 1881. Siemens received many honors for his work an 1860 hon-oraiy doctorate from the University of Berlin, an 1873 membership m the Royal Academy of Science, and an 1888 knighthood from Emperor Friedrich III. Siemens died m Berlin, Charlotteiiburg, on December 6, 1892. 

Clark M (2000) Antibody humanization a case of the Emperor s new clothes Immunol Today 21(8) 397-402... 

Heinecke JW (2001) Is the emperor wearing clothes Clinical trials of vitamin E and the LDL oxidation hypothesis. Arterioscler Thromb Vase Biol 21 1261—1264... 

As a result of his work on kanamycin, Hamao Umezawa was presented with many prizes the Asahi Prize (from the Asahi Shinbun, 1959), Prize from the Minister of the Ministry of Science in Japan (1959), Commandeur de rOrdre de la Sante Publique (from France, 1960), and the Japan Academy Prize (1962). The Order of Culture (Bunka-Kunsho), the most honorable prize for scholars in Japan, was conferred by the Emperor of Japan in 1962, when Hamao was forty-eight years old the Umezawas two sons, Kazuo (now vice-director of the Institute of Microbial Chemistry) and Yoji (now chief researcher) were then sixteen and twelve years old, respectively. 

Penrose, R The Emperor s New Mind. Oxford University Press, Oxford, UK, 1989. 

Ruland, Martin. A lexicon of alchemy or Alchemical dictionary / by Martinus Rulandus, Philosopher, Doctor and private physician to the August person the Emperor. fhttp //www.ebrarv.coml. 1992. 

Majesty the Emperor for the Space of Ten Years], By the Care and Expense of Zachariah Palthenus, Bookseller, in the Free Republic of Frankfurt. 1612. 

Title-Page Translation Reads A Lexicon of Alchemy or Alchemical Dictionary Containing a Full and Plain Explanation of All Obscure Words, Hermetic Subjects, and Arcane Phrases of Paraclesus. By Martinus Rulandus. .. [With the Privilege of His Majesty the Emperor for the Space of Ten Years], By the Care and Expense of Zachariah Palthenus, Bookseller, in the Free Republic of Frankfurt. 1612. 

In this essay I argue that alchemy, a quintessential noble activity, was employed at the court of two Habsburg emperors as a discourse of mediation. Rudolf II (ruled 1576-1612) patronized alchemy as a language of mediation between religious confessions, while at the court of Emperor Leopold I (c. 1658-1705), almost a century later, alchemy became a route to favor, a language of monarchical self-presentation, and also, in at least one case, an activity that mediated between noble and commercial culture. ... 

Sorcery and Witchcraft. London E. Curll, J. Pemberton and W. Taylor, 1715 DEE, JOHN A True Faithful Relation of What passed for many Yeers between Dr. John Dee... and Some Spirits... His Private Conferences with Rodolphe Emperor of Germany... The Particulars of his Cause... his Banishment, and Restoration in part. As also the letters... to the said D. Dee. Out of the Original Copy, written with Dr. Dee s own Hand... With a Preface confirming the Reality (as to the Point of Spirits) of this Relation.. . by Meric. Casaubon... London forT. Garthwait, 1659... 

The Count is sent by the King Of Poland to the court of Russia s Ivan IV, to use his alchemical skills to craft unearthly gems for the mad emperor, there he finds not only dark intrigue and heart-stopping danger, but a breathtakingly beautiful woman to whom he loses his heart... 

Then, as suddenly as it had appeared, mauve mania was over and the elegant world whirled on to a new color. A magnificent red never seen before in dyes, the French hue was variously named fuchsia for the flower blossom and magenta for a northern Italian town where the Emperor Napoleon III had defeated Austria that summer. Like Perkin s mauve, magenta was a wildly popular synthetic dye with humble origins in coal tar, that is, in aniline and other similar compounds. 

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