Emissions geothermal

Helens emissions An estimation of the magma reservoir volume. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 28 85-89 Le Cloarec M-F, Allard P, Ardouin B, Giggenbach WF, Sheppard DS (1992) Radioactive isotopes and trace elements in gaseous emissions from White Island, New Zealand. Earth Planet Sci Lett 108 19-28 Le Cloarec M-F, Pennisi M, Corazza E, Lambert G (1994) Origin of fumarolic flnids emitted from a nonerapting volcano Radionuchde constraints at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy). Geochim Cosmochim Acta 58 4401-4410... 

The shallow geothermal heat used in the GSHPs came from the groundwater (14°C), which has different GHG emissions from the borehole or U-tube-based HPs [19, 32]. Besides, the... 

Parnell, R.A. Burke, K. 1990. Impacts of acid emissions from Nevado del Ruiz volcano, Columbia, on selected terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems. Journal Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 42, 69-88. 

Iceland escapes this dilemma because most of their energy is from clean sources, hydropower and geothermal, rather than from hydrocarbon combustion. Since there are few emissions in the production of their electricity, providing hydrogen by electrolysis does not spoil the zero-emission advantage for Iceland s fuel cells. 

Figure 12 shows the quantity of CO2 emitted into the atmosphere from two geothermal power plants in Iceland and how it compares with CO2 emission from fossil fuel plants. At Krafla, the quantity of C02 emitted per MW-year (MWy) is 8401, which is only about 10% of that from a typical coal-fired power plant (8760 t/MWy, Armannsson Kristmannsdottir 1992). The... 

Armannsson, H. 2003. C02 emission from geothermal plants. In Proceedings of International Conference on Multiple Integrated Uses of Geothermal Resources, Reykjavik, 14-17 September, S12, 56-62. 

Bargagli, R., Cateni, D., Nelli, L., Olmastroni, S. Zagarese, B. 1997. Environmental impact of trace element emissions from geothermal power plants. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 33, 172-181. 

Nakagawa, R. 1999. Estimation of mercury emissions from geothermal activity in Japan. Chemosphere, 3, 1867-1891. 

Globally, volcanoes release about 17 150 metric tons (t) of arsenic per year into the atmosphere (It equals 1000 kg (Matschullat, 2000), 300). Other significant natural sources of gaseous arsenic emissions include geothermal vents, wind erosion of soils and sediments, forest and coal seam fires, and sea spray ((Cullen and Reimer, 1989), 740 (Nriagu, 1989) Chapter 3). Under reducing conditions in soils, fungi and... 

---