Embrittlement vanadium

Carbon content is usually about 0.15% but may be higher in bolting steels and hot-work die steels. Molybdenum content is usually between 0.5 and 1.5% it increases creep—mpture strength and prevents temper embrittlement at the higher chromium contents. In the modified steels, siUcon is added to improve oxidation resistance, titanium and vanadium to stabilize the carbides to higher temperatures, and nickel to reduce notch sensitivity. Most of the chromium—molybdenum steels are used in the aimealed or in the normalized and tempered condition some of the modified grades have better properties in the quench and tempered condition. 

R.E. Buxbaum, R. Subramanian, J.H. Park, and D L. Smith, Hydrogen Transport and Embrittlement for Palladium Coated Vanadium-Chromium-Titanium Alloys, Journal of Nuclear Material, Part A, 233-237, 1996, pp.510-512. 

Buxbaum, R. E, Subramanian, R, Park, J. H, Smith, D. L. Hydrogen transport and embrittlement for palladium coated vanadium-chromium-titanium alloys. J Nucl Mater. 1996 233-237 510-2. 

Ko, W.-S., Jeon, J. B., Shim, J.-H., Lee, B.-J. (2012). Origin of hydrogen embrittlement in vanadium-based hydrogen separation membranes. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy. 37, 13583—13593. 

Beta phase alloys. Beta phase alloys are usually metastable, formable as quenched, and can be aged to the highest strengths but then lack ductility. Fully stable beta alloys need large amoimts of beta stabilizers (vanadium, chromium and molybdenum) and are therefore too dense. In addition, the modulus is low (<100 GPa) unless the beta phase structure is decomposed to precipitate the alpha phase. They have poor stability at 200 to 300° C, have low creep resistance, and are difficult to weld without embrittlement. Metastable beta alloys have some application as high-strength fasteners. 

Pint B A and DiStefano J R (2005), The Role of Oxygen Uptake and Scale Formation on the Embrittlement of Vanadium AUoys, Chad Met, 63, 33-55. 

---