Elephant Asian Elephas maximus

Rasmussen L.E.L. and Schulte B. (1998). Chemical signals in the reproduction of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African (Loxodonta africana) elephants. Anim Reprod Sci 53, 19-34. 

Perrin T. and Rasmussen L.E.L. (1994). Chemosensory responses of female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to cyclohexanone. J Chern Ecol 20, 2953-2958. 

Rasmussen L.E.L. and Hultgren B. (1990). Gross and microscopic anatomy of vomeronasal organ in the Asian Elephant (Elephas maximus). In Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 5 (MacDonald D., Milller-Schwarze D. and Natynczuk S.E., eds.). Oxford University Press, pp. 154-161. 

Rasmussen L.E.L., Lee T.D., Daves G. and Schmidt M.J. (1993). Female-to-male sex-pheromones of low volatility in the Asian Elephant, Elephas maximus. J Chem Ecol 19, 2115-2128. 

Rasmussen L.E.L. and Munger B.L. (1996). The sensorineural specializations of the trunk tip (finger) of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus. Anat Rec 246, 127-134. 

Johnson, E.W. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. (2002) Morphological characteristics of the vomeronasal organ of the newborn Asian elephant, Elephas maximus. Anat. Rec. 267, 252-59. 

Rasmussen, L.E.L. (1999) Evolution of chemical signals in the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus behavioural and ecological influences. J. Biosci. (Bangalore) 24, 241-251. 

Rasmussen, L.E.L. and Greenwood, D.R. (2003) Frontalin A chemical message of musth in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Chem. Senses 28,433-446. 

Rasmussen, L.E.L., Lee, T.D., Zhang, A., Roelofs, W.L. and Daves, G.D. Jr. (1997) Purification, identification, concentration and bioactivity of Z-7-dodecen-l-yl acetate sex pheromone of the female Asian elephant, Elephas maximus. Chem. Senses 22, 417—437. 

Scott, N.L. and Rasmussen, L.E.L. (2005) Chemical communication of musth in captive Asian elephants, Elephas maximus. In R.T. Mason, M.R LeMaster and D. Miiller-Schwarze (Eds.), Chemical Signals in Vertebrates 10. Springer Press, New York, pp. 118-127. 

Compared to the large number of chemical signals identified in insects, only a small number of proven mammalian pheromones are known, two of which have been identified in elephants (Albone 1984 Brown and Macdonald 1985 Wyatt 2003 Burger 2005). Female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) release a... 

FIGURE 5.9 Mammalian vomeronasal organ (VNO).(fl) Location of the VNO in a female Asian elephant, Elephas maximus. (b) Location of the VNO in the European hedgehog, Erinaceus europaeus. ([I ] From Rasmussen and Hultgren, 1990 [d from Stoddart, 1983, after Poduschka and Firbas 1968). 

Now, let me tell you a story about Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in connection with frontalin. In 1996, Rasmussen and coworkers found that female Asian elephants use a 97 3 mixture of (Z)- and... 

Elephant pheromone. Female elephants, e.g., the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), use (Z)-7-dodece-nyl acetate (C,4H2602, Mr 226.36, oil) as a pheromone to indicate their readiness for mating. The same compound is also used by more than 126 species of insects, especially by lepidoptera (butterflies), in their pheromone mixtures for attracting males. ... 

CHEMICAL COMMUNICATION OF MUSTH IN CAPTIVE MALE ASIAN ELEPHANTS, Elephas maximus... 

Fernando, P., and Lande, R., 2000, Molecular genetic and behavioral analysis of social organization in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 48 84-91. 

Rasmussen, L. E. L., Perrin, T. E., and Ounawardena, R., 1994, Isolation of potential musth-alerting signals from temporal gland secretions of male Asian elephants (Elephas maximus), a new method, Chem. Senses 19(5) 540. 

Schulte, B. A., and Rasmussen, L. E. L., 1997, Do Female Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus) Chemosensorily Prefer Musth Males American Society of Mammalogists, Stillwater, Oklahoma. 

Many similarities exist between the lifestyles and behaviors of Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus, two of the three extant species of elephants (Sukumar, 2003 Poole, 1987, 1989a,b Rasmussen and Krishnamurthy, 2000 Rasmussen and Schulte, 1998). While the roles of olfaction and the chemical senses in Asian elephant society have been extensively investigated (Rasmussen and Greenwood, 2003 Rasmussen et al, 1997, 2002), similar investigations in the African species are limited to recent studies of chemical signals among males (Rasmussen and Wittemyer, 2002). 

Hess, D. L., Schniidt, A. M., and Schmidt, M. J., 1983, Reproductive cycle of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in captivity, Biol. Reprod. 2%n61-lTi. 

Lazar, J., Greenwood, D., Rasmussen, L. E. L., and Prestwich, G. D., 2002, Molecular and functional characterization of the odorant binding protein of the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus Implications for the role of lipocalins in mammalian olfaction. Biochemistry 41 111S6-11794. 

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