Element categories

The classification of chemical elements into major and minor or trace element categories is somewhat arbitrary. Thermodynamically, a minor element may be defined as one that is partitioned between coexisting phases in compliance with laws of dilute solutions, such as Henry s law, eq. (7.2b). In geochemical parlance, however, trace elements are usually categorized on the basis of abundance data. In this context, the mineral, rock or environment containing the chemical elements must be defined as well as the concentration boundary separating a major and trace element. 

The table of element categories is intended as a quick reference sheet to easily determine which elements belong to which groups. (Element 117 does not appear in this list because it is undiscovered as of the publishing of this book.)... 

Transportation and onsite transfer of nuclear explosives, nuclear components, Navel nuclear fuel elements, Category I and Category 11 special nuclear materials, special assemblies, and other materials of national security. 

Combining Soft and Hard Nano-element Categories to Create Combinatorial... 

These superatoms or atom mimics appear to fulfill a pivotal role as nanoscale building blocks, much as elemental atoms function at the pico- or subnanoscale level. As such, these poly(atomic) structures or entities have been classified and referred to as nano-element categories [137, 138]. Furthermore, these nanoelement categories have been shown to form stoichiometric nanocompounds or assemblies that exhibit well-defined intrinsic nano-periodic property patterns in much the same way as atomic elements and their compounds. 

From this basic list of 12 nano-element categories, a nano-element road map leading to three combinatorial libraries of nanocompounds and nano-assemblies can be envisioned, namely, [hard-hard], [hard-soft], and [soft-soft] types as illustrated in Fig. 18. These nanocompounds and nano-assembUes can be characterized analytically by the proportion of each of these 12 basic nano-elements they contain, based on their discrete bonding/assembly capacities, valencies, stoichiometries, and mass-combining ratios. Many examples of these stoichiometric nanocompounds and assemblies are already documented in the literature and are described in more detail elsewhere [137, 138]. 

As described above, a fourth feature anticipated by this new nano-periodic system was the expectation that members of these hard and soft nano-elemental categories, as well as their nanocompounds and assemblies would be expected to manifest certain well-defined nano-periodic property patterns. These property patterns were expected to be dependent on one or more of their CNDPs. Just as atomic... 

Atomic Element Category (Saturated Shell, (8A] type) (Noble Gases)... 

Very recently, important examples describing the chemical combination and assembly of these proposed hard and soft nano-element categories (i.e., superatoms) as described in Fig. 24 have now appeared in the literature and are referred to as nanoscale atom mimicry at the nanoscale. In each case, our early concept has been fulfilled and validated by these authors, who have referred to these nanoscale... 

Fig. 24 Proposed hard and soft particle nano-element categories and combinatorial libraries of possible nanocompounds. Nanocompounds indicated by an asterisk are described in the text (Sect. 6.4). Nanocompounds indicated by X have been reported in the literature and described...

Essentially, all other proposed hard-soft nano-element categories (Fig. 18) evolve from aufbau strategies that allow the control and conservation of critical hierarchical design parameters (CHDPs) from the atomic to the nanoscale level (i.e., CADP —> CMDP —> CNDP). Nature has already evolved very exquisite aufbau strategies for synthesizing other important soft matter nano-element categories such as proteins [S-4], viral capsids [S-5], and DNA/RNA [S-6]. 

RM code Element Category Year State" Relative uncertainty (%) (( = 1)... 

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