Elements and Isotopes

No natural stable isotope 237.0480 (2.14 x I Of y) No natural stable isotope - 

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See K. Fajans, Radio Elements and Isotopes. Chemical Forces and Optical Properties of Substances, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1931. 

New elements and isotopes of known elements are made by nucleosynthesis the repulsive electrical forces of like-charged particles are overcome when very fast particles collide. 

The composition of the Earth was determined both by the chemical composition of the solar nebula, from which the sun and planets formed, and by the nature of the physical processes that concentrated materials to form planets. The bulk elemental and isotopic composition of the nebula is believed, or usually assumed to be identical to that of the sun. The few exceptions to this include elements and isotopes such as lithium and deuterium that are destroyed in the bulk of the sun s interior by nuclear reactions. The composition of the sun as determined by optical spectroscopy is similar to the majority of stars in our galaxy, and accordingly the relative abundances of the elements in the sun are referred to as "cosmic abundances." Although the cosmic abundance pattern is commonly seen in other stars there are dramatic exceptions, such as stars composed of iron or solid nuclear matter, as in the case with neutron stars. The... 

Sillen, A. 1988 Elemental and isotopic analyses of mammalian fauna from southern Africa and their implications for paleodietary research. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 76 49-60. 

Horn I, Rudnick RL, McDonongh WF (2000) Precise elemental and isotope ratio determination by simultaneous solution nebnlization and laser ablation-ICP-MS Application to U-Pb geochronology. ChemGeol 164 281-301... 

Ellam RM, Hawkesworth CJ (1988) Elemental and isotopic variations in subduction related basalts evidenee for a three component model. Contrib Mineral Petrol 98 72-80 Elkins Tanton LT, Grove TL, Doimelly-Nolan J (2001) Hot, shallow mantle melting under the Caseades voleanoe are. Geology 29 631-634... 

Sputter-Ion Depth Profiling. Although it is essentially a destructive technique, SIMS depth profiling is rapid, and possesses parts per million or even parts per billion sensitivity to all elements and isotopes, coupled with a depth resolution of a few nanometres. Concentration-depth plots can be accurate to 5%. 

Stanford, M. K. (ed.) (1993), Elemental and Isotopic Analysis Understanding Diet and Disease in Past Populations, Gordon Breach, Langhom. 

The existence and distribution of the chemical elements and their isotopes is a consequence of nuclear processes that have taken place in the past in the Big Bang and subsequently in stars and in the interstellar medium (ISM) where they are still ongoing. These processes are studied theoretically, experimentally and obser-vationally. Theories of cosmology, stellar evolution and interstellar processes are involved, as are laboratory investigations of nuclear and particle physics, cosmo-chemical studies of elemental and isotopic abundances in the Earth and meteorites and astronomical observations of the physical nature and chemical composition of stars, galaxies and the interstellar medium. 

Figure 1.4 shows the local Galactic abundances of isobars, based on a combination of elemental and isotopic determinations in the Solar System with data from... 

Cosmic abundances of elements and isotopes Table 3.3. Exponential curves of growth... 

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