Electrosynthesis conditions solvent, effect

Recommendations on the synthesis of metal phthalocyanines. It is still difficult to evaluate real reaction mechanisms in each synthetic procedure applied. It is clear that the use of such polar protic solvents as alcohols contributes to higher yields of Pc from PN in the electrosynthesis conditions due to the ease of nucleophilic attack of the generated additional RO-. In the further steps of Pc formation from PN or 1,3-D, a solvent s nature has no significant importance. These data about the importance of, first of all, the initial stage correspond to those reported on UV irradiation [40] of PN solutions, where such a treatment is effective only at the beginning of the process. However, in the case of the use of urea and PA, a solvent must be completely inert (or be close to urea s nature) to carry out the one-step synthesis of metal phthalocyanines, in order to exclude any negative influence on the reaction course. The fact that the yields are almost always higher in the case of direct electrosynthesis could serve as an additional confirmation about the usefulness and necessity of this technique. 

Despite all these advantages, alternative chemical methods of synthesis are being developed and improved [19-25] that will partly take the place of electrosynthesis, even for electrochemical applications such as batteries and sensors. This is associated in part with the great difficulties in correlating the properties of the material with the conditions of synthesis. This is a consequence of the complexity of electrochemical synthesis, which involves different experimental variables, both chemical (nature of the solvent, the monomer, and the dopant salt) and physical (temperature, electrical conditions, nature and shape of the electrodes, geometry of the cell). In addition, the effects of all these variables are interdependent. As a consequence, adequate control of polymer electrosynthesis, and hence of the polymer properties, will require analysis of the effects of the individual parameters and their reciprocal dependence. This will be the objective of the first part of the chapter. 

Electrosynthesis provides an attractive alternative to conventional methods used for performing synthetic chemistry. It can effect the clean, complete conversion of starting material to product without using hazardous or toxic experimental conditions. Ionic hquids possess many advantages over conventional solvents typically used in electrochemical experiments. Their polar nature allows them to dissolve large concentrations of a wide... 

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