Electrostatic attraction between ions

The familiar Lewis structure is the simplest bonding model in common use in organic chemistry. It is based on the idea that, at the simplest level, the ionic bonding force arises from the electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge, and the covalent bonding force arises from sharing of electron pairs between atoms. 

When atoms having greatly differing electronegativities combine, electron transfer occurs and ions are formed. The electrostatic attraction between ions is the essence of ionic bonding. However, the transfer may not be complete, so there is a continuum of bond character from complete covalent (as in H2) to almost completely ionic (as in LiF). 

One peculiarity of salt (and other substances with atoms locked in a crystalline structure by ionic bonds) is that individual molecules of sodium chloride do not exist at room temperature. What does exist is a lattice of oppositely charged ions, a crystal held together by the strong electrostatic attraction between ions. 

Arrays of ions tend to maximize the net electrostatic attraction between ions, while minimizing the repulsive interactions. The former ensures that cations are surrounded by anions, and anions by cations, with the highest possible coordination numbers. In order to reduce repulsive forces, ionic solids maximize the distance between like charges. At the same time, unlike charges cannot be allowed to get too close, or short-range repulsive forces will destabUize the stmcmre. The balance between these competing requirements means that ionic sohds are highly symmetric stmctures with maximized coordination numbers and volumes. 

Ionic bond A bond formed from the electrostatic attraction between ions with different charges. 

Chemical identities of elements and compounds affect reaction rates. Metallic sodium, with its low ionization energy, reacts rapidly with water at room temperature metallic calcium has a higher ionization energy and reacts only slowly with water at room temperature. Solutions of a strong acid and a strong base react rapidly when they are mixed because the interactions involve mainly electrostatic attractions between ions in solution. Reactions that involve the breaking of covalent bonds are usually slower. 

We observe that in ionic substances the atoms are held together by the electrostatic attractions between ions of opposite charge. We discuss the energetics of forming ionic substances and describe the iattice energy of these substances. 

Ionic bond (1939) n. The electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite electrical charge. Whitten KW, Davis RE, Davis E, Peck LM, Stanley GG (2003) General chemistry. Brookes/Cole, New York. 

Electrochanical capacitors are importaut in supporting the voltage of a system during increased loads in everything from portable equipment to electric vehicles [299]. Carbon-based electrochanical capacitors are of two types, depending on the kind of accumulated euergy, namely, EDLCs and supercapacitors [308]. For the former, only a pure electrostatic attraction between ions and carbon surface... 

The amonnt of energy involved in this process dejrends on the electrostatic attraction between ions in the sohd. When these attractions are strong due to higher charges and/or small ion sizes, a large amount of energy is released as the solid forms, increasing its stability. 

Metallic Bond The interatomic chemical bond in metals characterized by delocalized electrons in the energy bands. The atoms are considered to be ionized with the positive ions occupying the lattice positions. The valence electrons are free to move. The bonding force is the electrostatic attraction between ions and electrons. 

When this last addition is made, we get the overall equation for the reaction and the AH, calculated by Hess law, is +66.6 — 159.9 = —93.3, which is close to the observed value of —93.7 kcal. This thermochemical analysis makes clear that the exothermicity of the overall reaction comes from the formation of crystalline KBr. The energy released in this last reaction, called the CRYSTAL lattice energy, arises because the ions in the solid are closely arranged so that there is a strong net electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge. 

A bond is an attractive force between two ions or between two atoms. Attractive forces between opposite charges are called electrostatic attractions. A bond formed as a result of the electrostatic attraction between ions of opposite charge is called an ionic bond. 

Ionic bond (Section 1.4) The electrostatic attraction between ions of unlike charge. 

Figure 6.17. At the interface between a zinc electrode and a surrounding electrolyte, equilibrium Zn Zn + 2e is obtained as the zinc atoms have a certain tendency to dissolve into ions the liberated electrons remain in the zinc electrode. Due to electrostatic attraction between ions and electrons, an electric double layer over the interface is built up. The magnitude of the resulting potential difference is a measure of the oxidation tendency of the zinc.

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