Electronically conductive polymers preparation

All important electronically conducting polymers, except perhaps for polyacetylene, can be prepared electrochemically by anodic oxidation of the monomers. The reaction is initiated by splitting off two hydrogen atoms from the monomer molecule (H—M—H), which subsequently polymerizes by interconnecting thus activated sites ... 

Electronically conducting polymers (ECPs) such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy) and po 1 y(3.4-cthy 1 cncdi oxyth iophcnc) (PEDOT) have been applied in supercapacitors, due to their excellent electrochemical properties and lower cost than other ECPs. We demonstrated that multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) prepared by catalytic decomposition of acetylene in a solid solution are very effective conductivity additives in composite materials based on ECPs. In this paper, we show that a successful application of ECPs in supercapacitor technologies could be possible only in an asymmetric configuration, i.e. with electrodes of different nature. 

An enormous number of polymers have been used to prepare chemically modified electrodes. Some examples are given in Table 13.2 Albery and Hillman provide a more extensive list [8]. As indicated in Table 13.2, these polymers can be divided into three general categories—redox polymers, ion-exchange and coordination polymers, and electronically conductive polymers. Redox polymers are polymers that contain electroactive functionalities either within the main polymer chain or in side groups pendant to this chain. The quintessential example is poly(vinylferrocene) (Table 13.2). The ferrocene groups attached to the polymer chain are the electroactive functionality. If fer-... 

The third class of polymers used to prepare chemically modified electrodes is the electronically conductive polymers [25]. The polymer chains in this family of materials are themselves electroactive. For example, the polymer redox reaction for polypyrrole (Table 13.2) can be written as follows ... 

Preparation of Electron-Conducting Polymer Modified by Noble Metal Nanoparticles... 

Different electron-conducting polymers (polyaniline, polypyrrole, polythiophene) are considered as convenient substrates for the electrodeposition of highly dispersed metal electrocatalysts. The preparation and the characterization of electronconducting polymers modified by noble metal nanoparticles are first discussed. Then, their catalytic activities are presented for many important electrochemical reactions related to fuel cells oxygen reduction, hydrogen oxidation, oxidation of Cl molecules (formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, carbon monoxide), and electrooxidation of alcohols and polyols. 

PREPARATION OF ELECTRON-CONDUCTING POLYMER MODIFIED BY NOBLE METAL NANOPARTICLES... 

Inclusion of the electroactive species as counter-ion during the electropolymerization of the monomer. Another way to prepare noble metal modified electron-conducting polymers is to incorporate into the film a noble metal complex (e.g., [PtCle] ) as a counter-ion during the electropolymerization process. Then reduction or electroreduction of the metallic salt gives the corresponding metal particles. This procedure usually gives not very active Pt particles, maybe because the... 

Electro-oxidation of diphenylamine systems has received extensive attention. Recent interest has been associated with the preparation of electronically conductive polymers, such as polyaniline. An important role of p-aminodiphenylamine in the anodic oxidation of aniline is well documented and therefore fundamental electrochemical properties... 

In the 1970s, interest arose in the modification of electrode surfaces by covalent attachment of monolayers of different species to electrode surfaces. Electrodes modified with thicker polymeric films and inorganic layers were introduced later. Paralleling this work was activity in the field of electronically conductive polymers and organic metals, many of which can be produced electrochemically. More complex structures (bilayers, arrays, biconductive films) have also been prepared. 

In addition, we have recently described a procedure for controlling the morphologies of electronically conductive polymers (32). This procedure involves the electrochemical growth of the conductive polymer at an electrode surface which has been masked with a microporous polymer membrane. The pores in this membrane act as templates for the nascent electronically conductive polymer. Because the template membrane contains linear cylindrical pores, cylindrical conductive polymer fibrils are obtained (32). We will show in this manuscript that microfibrillar polypyrrole films prepared via this approach can support higher rates of charge-transport than conventional polypyrrole. 

This section reviews the synthesis and characterization of random, alternating, block and graft copolymers of thiophenes. A review [2] of processable electronically conducting polymers published in 1991 contains only two references on polythiophene random copolymers and another article [3] describes the synthetic methods used to prepare block and graft copolymers of thiophene. 

The template method has a number of interesting and useful features. First, it is a very general approach we have used this method to prepare tubules and fibrils composed of electronically conductive polymers [9-16], metals [14,17-23], semiconductors [24], carbons [25], and other materials. Furthermore, nanostructures with extraordinarily small diameters can be prepared. Forex-... 

PREPARATIVE METHODS AND PROPERTIES OF WELL ORIENTED ELECTRONICALLY CONDUCTING POLYMERS... 

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