Electronic tongues voltammetric

Unfortunately, electronic tongue variables are very often considerably intercorrelated in voltammetric profiles, for instance, currents evaluated at two consecutive potential values frequently carry almost the same information, so that their correlation coefficient is nearly 1. In such cases, standard OLS is absolutely not recommendable. Furthermore, the number of objects required for OLS regression must be at least equal to the number of predictors plus 1, and it is difficult to satisfy such a condition in many practical cases. 

Paixao and coworkers described a voltammetric electronic tongue able to distinguish milk treated by means of different pasteurization processes. Furthermore, the method proved to be useful for the detection of hydrogen peroxide additions to milk. Such a fraudulent practice was discovered in 2007 in Brazil. The practice was aimed at reducing the bacterial growth in milk, thus lessening the degradation processes. But, it is... 

Holmin, S., Krantz-Rulcker, C., and Winquist, F. (2004). Multivariate optimisation of electro-chemically pre-treated electrodes used in a voltammetric electronic tongue. Anal. Chim. Acta 519(1), 39-46. 

Ivarsson, P., Kikkawa, Y., Winquist, F., Krantz-Ruelcker, C., Hoejer, N.-E., Hayashi, K., Toko, K., and Lundstroem, I. (2001). A comparison of a voltammetric electronic tongue and a lipid membrane taste sensor with respect to separation of detergent. Chem. Sens. 17 (Suppl. B), 101-103. 

Martina, V, lonescu, K., Pigani, L., Terzi, F., Ulrici, A., Zanardi, C., and Seeber, R. (2007). Development of an electronic tongue based on a FEDOT-modified voltammetric sensor. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 387(6), 2101-2110. 

Oliveri, P., Baldo, M. A., Daniele, S., and Forina, M. (2009). Development of a voltammetric electronic tongue for discrimination of edible oils. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 395(4), 1135-1143. 

Olsson, J., Ivarsson, P., and Winquist, F. (2008). Determination of detergents in washing machine wastewater with a voltammetric electronic tongue. Talanta 76(1), 91-95. 

Paixao, T. R. L. C. and Bertotti, M. (2009). Fabrication of disposable voltammetric electronic tongues by using Prussian Blue films electrodeposited onto CD-R gold surfaces and recognition of miUc adulteration. Sens. Actuators B 137(1), 266-273. 

Rodriguez-Mendez, M. L., Parra, V., Apetrei, C., Villanueva, S., Gay, M., Prieto, N., Martinez, J., and de Saja, J. A. (2008). Electronic tongue based on voltammetric electrodes modified with materials showing complementary electroactive properties Applications. 

Cutes A, Ibanez AB, Cespedes F, Alegret S, del Valle M (2005) Simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds by means of an automated voltammetric electronic tongue . Anal Bioanal Chem 382 471 76. 

Chapters 1 to 5 deal with ionophore-based potentiometric sensors or ion-selective electrodes (ISEs). Chapters 6 to 11 cover voltammetric sensors and biosensors and their various applications. The third section (Chapter 12) is dedicated to gas analysis. Chapters 13 to 17 deal with enzyme based sensors. Chapters 18 to 22 are dedicated to immuno-sensors and genosensors. Chapters 23 to 29 cover thick and thin film based sensors and the final section (Chapters 30 to 38) is focused on novel trends in electrochemical sensor technologies based on electronic tongues, micro and nanotechnologies, nanomaterials, etc. 

With respect to the type of sensors that can be used in an electronic tongue, practically all the main families of chemical sensors have been used to form the sensor array, viz. potentiometric, voltammetric, resistive, gravimetric and optical, if main sensor families have to be quoted [11], Table 30.1 sketches a survey of different approaches that can be recorded when the specialized literature is inspected. Even hybrid systems have been proposed, mainly those combining potentiometric and voltammetric sensors [3,12], The combination of electronic noses and electronic tongues to improve detection or identification capabilities, in a sensor fusion approach, has also been proposed [13,14],... 

P. Ivarsson, S. Holmin, N.-E. Hojer, C. Krantz-Rulcker and F. Winquist, Discrimination of tea by means of a voltammetric electronic tongue and different applied waveforms, Sens. Actuators B, 76 (2001) 449-454. 

Multivariate Calibration Model for a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue Based on a Multiple Output Wavelet Neural Network... 

Multivariate Calibration Model for a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue... 

Authors have applied the principles of the electronic tongue to solve a mixture of three components by direct voltammetric analysis. The approach departs from the overlapped voltammogram, and for the resolution of the three components mixture, a multivariate calibration model is built using WNN. The chemical case in the presented study corresponds to the direct multivariate determination of the oxidizable aminoacids tryptophan (Trp), cysteine (Cys) and tyrosine (Tyr), from the differential-pulse voltammetric signal of a platinum electrode. 

Moreno, L., Cartas, R., Merkogi, A., Alegret, S., Gutierrez, J.M., Leija, L., Hernandez, P.R., Munoz, R. Data Compression for a Voltammetric Electronic Tongue Modelled with Artificial Neural Networks. Anal. Lett. 38, 2189-2206 (2005)... 

Teas have been successfully discriminated by the use of electronic tongues based on voltammetric and potentiometric [55,56] principles. The voltammetric system... 

Ivarsson R, Johansson M., Hojer N.-E., Krantz-Rulcker C., Winquist R, and Lundstrom L, Supervision of rinses in a washing machine by a voltammetric electronic tongue, Sens. Actuators B, 108(1-2), 851, 2005. 

V. Martina, K. lonescu, L. Pigani, F. Terzi, A. Ulrici, C. Zanardi, R. Seeber, Development of an Electronic Tongue Based on a PEDOT-Modified Voltammetric Sensor. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 2007, 387, 2101-2110. 

K. Twomey, E. Alvarez de Eulate, J. Alderman, D.W.M. Anigan, Fabrication and chtnacteri-zation of a miniaturized planar voltammetric sensor array for use in an electronic tongue. Sens. Actuators B Chem. 140(2), 532-541 (2009)... 

Ceto, X., Gutierrez, J.M., Gutierrez, M. et al. (2012) Determination of total polyphenol index in wines employing a voltammetric electronic tongue. Analytica Chimica Acta, 732, 172-... 

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