Electron spectroscopy imaging

M. Mayer, D. V. Szabo, M. Ruble, M. Seher, and R. Riedel, Polymer-Derived Si-Based Bulk Ceramics, Part I Microstructural Characterization by Electron Spectroscopy Imaging, J. Europ. Ceram. Soc. 1995, 15, 717-727. 

Figure 8.13 Electron spectroscopy imaging-transmission electron micrographs of Ca-montmorillonite and styrene-acrylic nanocomposite thin cuts (a) bright field image,...

Figure 10.21 X-ray electron spectroscopy image of Ag3d5/2 doublet at time 0 on polyester— Ag-TaN sputtered for 160 s.

We shall concern ourselves here with the use of an X-ray probe as a surface analysis technique in X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA). High energy photons constitute the XPS probe, which are less damaging than an electron probe, therefore XPS is the favoured technique for the analysis of the surface chemistry of radiation sensitive materials. The X-ray probe has the disadvantage that, unlike an electron beam, it cannot be focussed to permit high spatial resolution imaging of the surface. 

Qualmann and Kessels have reported the synthesis of carborane-containing lysine dendrimers (123) (Fig. 72), with a better defined number of boron atoms, for use as protein labels in immunocytochemistry using electron microscopic techniques such as electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and electron spectroscopic imaging (ESI).149... 

Spectroscopy produces spectra which arise as a result of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter. The type of interaction (electronic or nuclear transition, molecular vibration or electron loss) depends upon the wavelength of the radiation (Tab. 7.1). The most widely applied techniques are infrared (IR), Mossbauer, ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), and in recent years, various forms ofX-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy which probe the local structure of the elements. Less widely used techniques are Raman spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion imaging mass spectroscopy (SIMS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), electron spin resonance (ESR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. 

Chem. Geol. 157 275-284 Meisel.W. (1989) Corrosion processes and their inhibition as studied by Mdssbauer conversion and other electron spectroscopies. Hy-perfine Interactions 45 73-90 Meisen, U. Kathrein, H. (2000) The influence of particle size, shape and particle size distribution on properties of magnetites for the production of toners. J. Imag. Sci. Techn. 44 508-513... 

Auger electron spectroscopy. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction, and in situ STM have been employed to investigate two-step alternate electrodeposition of Cd and Te atomic layers, forming finally, CdTe monolayers (electrochemical ALE on Au(lll)) [451]. STM images suggest that previously proposed hexagonal structures for CdTe may not be correct. 

Later chapters detail application of the present method to electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (Chapter 5), high-resolution dispersive infrared spectroscopy (Chapter 6), and tunable-diode-laser spectroscopy (Chapter 7). Because the heart of the method is the repeated application of simple convolution, the method has been adapted to the processing of images (Kawata et al, 1978 Kawata and Ichioka, 1980a Saghri and Tescher, 1980 Maitre, 1981 Gindi, 1981). 

Bohmer J, Rahmann H. 1991. Ultrastructural aluminium detection in amphibian tissues by electron spectroscopic imaging and electron energy-loss spectroscopy. J Microsc 162 115-122. 

Xie X, Yokel RA, Markesbery WR. 1994. Application of electron energy loss spectroscopy and electron spectroscopic imaging to aluminum determination in biological tissue. Biol Trace Elem Res 40 39-48. 

To date, a number of chemically selective near-field imaging methods have been demonstrated. Near-field contrast mechanisms that rely on electronic spectroscopy (UV-visible absorption and fluorescence),204 vibrational spectroscopy (IR absorption and Raman spectroscopies), dielectric spectroscopy (microwave dispersion), and nonlinear spectroscopy (second harmonic generation) have all been demonstrated at length scales well below the diffraction limit of light. 

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