Electron-dot diagrams

Electron dot diagrams use the chemical symbol to represent the nucleus plus the inner electrons and a dot to represent each valence electron. Such diagrams will be extremely useful in Chap. 5. 

Draw electron dot diagrams for sodium atoms and sulfur atoms ia) before they react with each other and ib) after they react with each other. 

Identify the bonding electrons and the nonbonding electrons on the sulfur atom in the electron dot diagram of SO,. 

Draw an electron dot diagram for (a) Na SO, and (b) H2S04. What is the major difference between them ... 

In Sec. 13.2 we will learn to determine oxidation numbers from the formulas of compounds and ions. We will learn how to assign oxidation numbers from electron dot diagrams and more quickly from a short set of rules. We use these oxidation numbers for naming the compounds or ions (Chap. 6 and Sec. 13.4) and to balance equations for oxidation-reduction reactions (Sec. 13.5). In Sec. 13.3 we will learn to predict oxidation numbers for the elements from their positions in the periodic table in order to be able to predict formulas for their compounds and ions. 

It is too time-consuming to calculate oxidation numbers by drawing electron dot diagrams each... 

Draw an electron dot diagram for H,0,. Assign an oxidation number to oxygen on this basis. Compare this number with that assigned by rule 6 (Sec. 13.2). 

The shell structure of the energy levels of various atoms is sometimes represented by diagrams such as are shown in Fig. 17-4 for the first 10 elements. It must be emphasized that these are diagrams, and are not pictures of atoms. (Electron dot diagrams represent the outermost of these electron shells.) Such diagrams are quite inadequate for depicting atoms of elements having atomic numbers beyond 20. 

In Chap. 3 why were electron dot diagrams drawn with four areas of electrons Why are at least two of the electrons paired if at least two are shown ... 

Draw an electron dot diagram for the hydronium ion, and explain why it is expected to be more stable than the hydrogen ion, H +. 

Draw electron dot diagrams and structural formulas for molecules with the following molecular formulas (a) CH,N and (b) CHN. 

Problem 21.5 required electron dot diagrams for C3H8 and C2H4. Explain why the same question would be harder to answer for C4H10 and C3H6. 

Draw an electron dot diagram for HNO . Note Double-bonded oxygen atoms do not bond hydrogen atoms as a rule. 

Draw electron dot diagrams for H,PO, and H,PO . Four atoms arc bonded directly to the phosphorus atom in each case. 

Electron dot structures are not usually written for transition metal or inner transition metal atoms. They do lose electrons, forming ions. If you are asked to draw an electron dot diagram for a compound containing a monatomic transition metal ion, show the ion with no outermost electrons. 

Writing electron dot diagrams for molecules or ions containing only two atoms is relatively easy. When several atoms are to be represented as being linked together by means of covalent bonds, the following procedure may be used to determine precisely the total number of electrons which must be... 

The charges on polyatomic ions cause ionic bonding between these groups of atoms and oppositely charged ions. In writing electron dot structures, the distinction between ionic and covalent bonds must be clearly indicated. For example, an electron dot diagram for the compound NH4NO, would be... 

Although such textbook diagrams are called Lewis structures, they are not the electron-dot diagrams that G. N. Lewis originally wrote for such species. Lewis s depiction of S042-, for example, is reproduced in Fig. 3.90. This shows a normal-valent S2+ ion with shared-pair bonds to four O- ions, which is fully consistent with the octet rule, with no intrinsic need for multiple resonance structures to account for the observed Td symmetry. According to Lewis s original concept, each ion is... 

Nonmetal atoms can share electrons with other non-metal atoms, forming covalent bonds. In electron dot diagrams, the shared electrons are counted as being In the outermost shell of each of the bonded atoms, A single bond consists of one shared electron pair a double bond consists of two shared electron pairs a triple bond consists of three shared electron pairs. Macromolecules result from covalent bonding of millions of atoms or more Into giant molecules. 

To write electron dot diagrams for keeping track of the valence electrons in compounds, especially those of main group elements... 

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