Electron dispersive spectroscopy phase chemistry

XPS is among the most frequently used techniques in catalysis. It yields information on the elemental composition, the oxidation state of the elements and, in favorable cases, on the dispersion of one phase over another [ J.W. Niemantsverdriet, Spectroscopy in Catalysis, An Introduction (2000), Wiley-VCH, Weinheim G. Ertl and J. Kiippers, Low Energy Electrons and Surface Chemistry (1985), VCH, Weinheim L.C. Feldman and J.W. Mayer, Fundamentals of Surface and Thin Film Analysis (1986), North-Holland, Amsterdam]. 

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