Electron detachment potential

Ax = / — x is the ionization potential from the lower state of the line and 0.75 eV is the electron detachment potential of H. [M+/H] = [M/H] + [v], where x is the degree of ionization which changes negligibly while it is close to one, and the electron pressure cancels out. A9 can be identified with A9f obtained by optimally fitting neutral lines with different excitation potentials to one curve of growth (see Fig. 3.13), or deduced from red-infrared colours. As a refinement, a small term [0] should be added to the rhs of Eq. (3.59) to allow for an increase of the weighting function integral towards lower effective temperatures. 

An alternative measure of the electron-donor properties is obtained from the energetics of electron detachment in the gas phase the ionization potentials (IP) of many organic donors have been experimentally determined from the photoelectron spectra obtained by their photoionization in the gas phase. Thus, the values of the ionization potential IP differ from the oxidation potential x by solvation,66 i.e.,... 

Anodic oxidation in inert solvents is the most widespread method of cation-radical preparation, with the aim of investigating their stability and electron structure. However, saturated hydrocarbons cannot be oxidized in an accessible potential region. There is one exception for molecules with the weakened C—H bond, but this does not pertain to the cation-radical problem. Anodic oxidation of unsaturated hydrocarbons proceeds more easily. As usual, this oxidation is assumed to be a process including one-electron detachment from the n system with the cation-radical formation. This is the very first step of this oxidation. Certainly, the cation-radical formed is not inevitably stable. Under anodic reaction conditions, it can expel the second electron and give rise to a dication or lose a proton and form a neutral (free) radical. The latter can be either stable or complete its life at the expense of dimerization, fragmentation, etc. Nevertheless, electrochemical oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons leads to cation-radicals, the nature of which is reliably established (Mann and Barnes 1970 Chapter 3). 

The electrical properties of many solids have been satisfactorily explained in terms of the band theory . Briefly, the motion of an electron detached from its parent atom but free to move in a periodically varying potential field, such as that existing between atoms on a crystal lattice, is expressed in terms of a wave function (Boch Function). This particular... 

The energetic basis for the electron-transfer oxidation includes the thermodynamic potential of oxidation (E°ox) for the electron transfer from RH in Eq. (7). Such an electron detachment is commonly effected at an electrode, by an oxidant, or with light. The oxidation is driven electrochemically by the anodic electrode potential, which matches the E°m value. Likewise, the driving force in the chemical oxidation of RH is provided by the redox potential (fi°ed) of the electron acceptor or oxidant (A) according to Eq. (5). 

These experimental results for electron detachment from (He) superfluid clusters [99, 242-245] and the present analysis reflect beautifully on the role of electron bubbles as microscopic probes for superfluidity of finite boson quantum clusters. The classical 1960 studies of Meyer and Reif [207] provided direct information on the roton energy from the interrogation of the temperature dependence of the electron mobility in bulk superfluid helium. Our analysis and the experimental results [242-245] enable the interrogation and theoretical exploration of the electron bubble translational motion in the image potential within normal fluid and superfluid clusters, allowing us to infer on the dramatic effects of superfluidity in large finite boson quantum clusters using the techniques of electron detachment. 

The ionization potential of the molecule M is defined as the minimum energy needed for an electron to detach from the molecule. The electron affinity energy of the molecule M is defined as the minimum energy for an electron detachment from... 

The commonly used measures of donor and acceptor strength in the gas phase are the (first) ionization potential (IP) of the donor and the electron affinity (EA) of the acceptor, respectively. These relate directly to the energy required for electron detachment from the HOMO of a donor. 

In very recent work, Lieder (165) calculated standard potentials of the dithiocarbamate-thiuram disulfide redox system via thermochemical cycles and computational electrochemistry. A pathway proceeding via a single electron detachment is predicted to be the most favorable mechanism for dithiocarbamate oxidation, while thiuram disulfide reduction can proceed via two pathways. In the gas phase, reduction followed by sulfur-sulfur bond cleavage is energetically preferred, while in solution a concerted bond-breaking electron-transfer mechanism is predicted to be equally probable. 

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