Electromechanical transduction

Frank G, Hemmert W, Gummer AW. 1999. Limiting dynamics of high-frequency electromechanical transduction of outer hair cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96 4420-4425. 

Carpi E, Gallone G, Galantini F, De Rossi D (2008) Silicone-poly(hexylthiophene) blends as elastoemrs with enhanced electromechanical transduction properties. Adv Funct Mater 18 235... 

Mechanotransduction Mechanoelectrical Transduction, Mechanosensitive Channels, and Electromechanical Transduction... 

D.W. Urry, L.C. Hayes, and D. Channe Gowda, Electromechanical Transduction Reduction-driven Hydrophobic Folding Demonstrated in a Model Protein to Perform Mechanical Work. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun., 204,230-237, 1994. 

B. Anvari, F. Qian, F.A. Pereira and W.E. Brownell, Prestin-lacking membranes are capable of high frequency electromechanical transduction. In eds. A.L. Nuttall, T. Ren, P. GiUespie, K. Grosh and E. de Boer, Auditory Mechanisms Processes and Models, World Scientific, London, 2005. pp. 270-276. 

The electromechanical polymeric muscles working under the influence of the applied electric field ( ) can be classified on the basis of the operating electromechanical transduction phenomena ... 

Carpi, F. Gallone, G. Galantini, F. De Rossi, D., Silicone-Poly(hex)dthiophene) Blends as Elastomers with Enhanced Electromechanical Transduction Properties. Adv. Funct. Mater. 2008,18,235-241. 

Next let us introduce the electromechanical couplingfactor k, which corresponds to the rate of electromechanical transduction. The internal energy 1/ of a piezoelectric vibrator is given by summation of the mechanical energy Um (= fxdX) and the electrical energy Ue (= fD dE). U is calculated as follows, when linear relations Eqs 20 and 21 are applicable ... 

Grodzinsky, A.J., Melcher, J.R. Electromechanical transduction with charged polyelectrol5de membranes. IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering 23, 568 571 (1976)... 

Grodzinsky, A. J., Melcher, J. R., "Electromechanical Transduction with Charged Polyelectrolyte Membranes , IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering, Vol. Bhffi-23, No. 6, pp421-433, November 1976. 

The fundamental theory of IPMC electromechanical transduction (actuation) and mechanoelectrical transduction (sensing) will be presented using the same governing equations. Differences between actuation and sensing phenomena will be highlighted throughout. 

Although the provided equations described both transduction types of ff MCs, some terms are more prevalent than others for different transductions. For instance, it is reasonable to neglect the third flux term in Eq. 1 in the case of electromechanical transduction as it is very small compared to the second term. Also, while the local anion concentration can be expressed as a constant in the case of electromechanical transduction, it plays an important role in mechanoelectrical transduction where field gradients are significantly smaller. 

In the following example, coupling of theNavier equations and the Nemst-Planck equation is presented based on a simplified model where Ca = Co is a constant and AVAP 0. This simplification is generally assumed acceptable in the case of electromechanical transduction. 

The unique advantages of dielectric elastomers have stimulated a great number of apphcations which can be categorized into actuators, energy harvesters, and sensors. This chapter presents multiple electromechanical transduction systems including biologically inspired robotics, tactile feedback and displays, tunable optics, fluid control and microfluidics, capacitive sensors, and energy harvesters. 

Biomedical applicatioos of ferroeleciric polymers are focused mainly on the use (rf their electromechanical transduction properties for the implemeniatioo of various kinds of sen-son, measuring dyiuunic pressures, soutkIs, fluid fl. heart rate, and soft tissue contact pressures in different configuratioos within and outside the human body. Ferroeleciric polynKis are currently used in several branches of medical diagnostics, follow-up and rehabilitation. 

Prudnikova, K., Utz, M. (Tharacterization of electromechanical transduction in polyelectrolyte gels for mechanical sensOT applications. In MRS Proceedings, 1 edn., Cambridge University Press, p. 1006/... 

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