Electromagnetism particle meaning

Forces, such as the gravitational force, are transmitted by means of quantities that scientists call fields. All matter is influenced by forces carried by gravitational fields. Electrically charged particles are influenced by forces carried by electromagnetic fields. The gravitational and electromagnetic fields are not matter, but they have energy. 

These fluctuations will affect the motion of charged particles. A major part of the Lamb shift in a hydrogen atom can be understood as the contribution to the energy from the interaction of the electron with these zero point oscillations of the electromagnetic field. The qualitative explanation runs as follows the mean square of the electric and magnetic field intensities in the vacuum state is equal to... 

Nuclear activation analysis (NAA) is a method for qualitatively and quantitatively detg elemental compn by means of nuclear transmutations. The method involves the irradiation or bombardment of samples with nuclear particles or high-energy electromagnetic radiation for the specific purpose of creating radioactive isotopes from the stable or naturally-occurring elements present. From the numbers, types and quantities of radioactive elements or radionuclides, it is possible to deduce information about the elemental compn of the original sample... 

The notion of homogeneity is not absolute all substances are inhomogeneous upon sufficiently close inspection. Thus, the description of the interaction of an electromagnetic wave with any medium by means of a spatially uniform dielectric function is ultimately statistical, and its validity requires that the constituents—whatever their nature—be small compared with the wavelength. It is for this reason that the optical properties of media usually considered to be homogeneous—pure liquids, for example—are adequately described to first approximation by a dielectric function. There is no sharp distinction between such molecular media and those composed of small particles each of which contains sufficiently many molecules that they can be individually assigned a bulk dielectric function we may consider the particles to be giant molecules with polarizabilities determined by their composition and shape. 

Let us consider first the contribution generated only by the elastic intermediate nuclear states. This means that we will treat the nucleus here as a particle which interacts with the photons via a nontrivial experimentally measurable form factor G (A ), i.e. the electromagnetic interaction of our nucleus is nonlocal, but we will temporarily ignore its excited states. 

No such thing as photon-photon collision has ever been observed, and to all practical purposes photons must be considered as non-interacting particles the collisional cross-section of the photon has been estimated from theory to be less than 10 70 cm2. This means that electromagnetic radiation (even cavity radiation) cannot be compared with a gas of molecules that can reach thermodynamic equilibrium through collisions which result in exchange of momentum and energy. 

A significant change in the theoretical treatment of atomic structure occurred in 1924 when Louis de Broglie proposed that an electron and other atomic particles simultaneously possess both wave and particle characteristics and that an atomic particle, such as an electron, has a wavelength X = h/p = h/mv. Shortly thereafter, C.J, Davisson and L.H. Germer showed experimentally the validity of this postulate. Dc Broglie s assumption that wave characteristics are inherent in every atomic particle was quickly followed by the development of quantum mechanics, in its most simple form, quantum mechanics introduces the physical laws associated with the wave properties of electromagnetic radiation into the physical description of a system of atomic particles. By means of quantum mechanics a much more satisfactory explanation of atomic structure can be developed. 

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