Electromagnetic radiation, application

As diverse as these techniques are all of them are based on the absorption of energy by a molecule and all measure how a molecule responds to that absorption In describing these techniques our emphasis will be on then application to structure determination We 11 start with a brief discussion of electromagnetic radiation which is the source of the energy that a molecule absorbs m NMR IR and UV VIS spectroscopy... 

The noncontact measurement principle, usually called optical or radiation temperature measurement, is based on detecting electromagnetic radiation emitted from an object. In ventilation applications this method of measurement is used to determine surface temperatures in the infrared region. The advantage is that the measurement can be carried out from a distance, without contact with the surface, which possibly influences the heat balance and the temperatures. The disadvantages are that neither air (or other fluid) temperature nor internal temperature of a material can be measured. Also the temper-... 

The various forms of spectroscopy find widespread application in kinetic studies. They are usually well suited for application to in situ studies of the characteristics of the reaction mixture. The absorption by a reacting system of electromagnetic radiation (light, microwaves, radio-frequency waves, etc.) is a highly specific property... 

There are several ways to induce reactions in solids. The application of heat, electromagnetic radiation, pressure, ultrasound or some other form of energy may induce a transformation in a solid. For centuries, it has been a common practice to subject solid materials to heat in order to determine their thermal stability, to study their physical properties, or to convert one material into another. One important commercial reaction, that producing lime,... 

NMR is an incredibly versatile tool that can be used for a wide array of applications, including determination of molecular structure, monitoring of molecular dynamics, chemical analysis, and imaging. NMR has found broad application in the food science and food processing areas (Belton et al., 1993, 1995, 1999 Colquhoun and Goodfellow, 1994 Eads, 1999 Gil et al., 1996 Hills, 1998 O Brien, 1992 Schmidt et al., 1996 Webb et al., 1995, 2001). The ability of NMR to quantify food properties and their spatiotemporal variation in a nondestructive, noninvasive manner is especially useful. In turn, these properties can then be related to the safety, stability, and quality of a food (Eads, 1999). Because food materials are transparent to the radio frequency electromagnetic radiation required in an NMR experiment, NMR can be used to probe virtually any type of food sample, from liquids, such as beverages, oils, and broth, to semisolids, such as cheese, mayonnaise, and bread, to solids, such as flour, powdered drink mixes, and potato chips. 

Solar energy is defined as the radiant energy transmitted by the Sun and intercepted by Earth. It is transmitted through space to Earth by electromagnetic radiation with wavelengths ranging between 0.20 and 15 pm. The availability of solar fiux for terrestrial applications varies with season, time of day, location, and collecting surface orientation. In this section, we shall treat these matters analytically (Kutz, 2007). 

Charpak, G. (1988). Some applications of multiwire chambers to the detection of electromagnetic radiations. Nud. Inst. Methods 269,341A345. 

Spectrometry Spectroscopy4 is basically an experimental subject and is concerned with the adsorption, emission or scattering of electromagnetic radiation by atoms or molecules [15, p. 1]. A wide variety of applications of this concept have been applied in analyzing many substances. In the particular case of explosive molecules the most prominent are several forms of mass spectrometry and ion mobility spectrometry. Each has certain advantages and disadvantages. Each is discussed in detail in a later chapter. The former is most often used in fixed applications the latter, in both fixed and portable applications. 

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