Electromagnetic model, interaction

A Perturbation Model for Electromagnetic-Field Interaction with Excitable Cellular Membranes... 

This model was later expanded upon by Lifshitz [33], who cast the problem of dispersive forces in terms of the generation of an electromagnetic wave by an instantaneous dipole in one material being absorbed by a neighboring material. In effect, Lifshitz gave the theory of van der Waals interactions an atomic basis. A detailed description of the Lifshitz model is given by Krupp [34]. 

Model of the interaction of an oscillator with an electromagnetic wave... 

On the basis of the presented oscillator-wave model it is also possible to create heuristic models of the interaction of electromagnetic waves with plasma particles in the Earth s ionosphere and magnetosphere, heuristic models of the generation of powerful low-frequency waves in the space around the Earth when a cosmic electromagnetic background is present etc. High-efficient sub-millimeter emitter, built on this basis, could be suitable for radio-physical heating of plasma, e.g. in the experiments aimed the achievement of controlable thermonuclear reaction [ ] ... 

The model fundamental to all analyses of vibrational motion requires that the atoms in the system oscillate with small amplitude about some defined set of equilibrium positions. The Hamiltonian describing this motion is customarily taken to be quadratic in the atomic displacements, hence in principle a set of normal modes can be found in terms of these normal modes both the kinetic energy and the potential energy of the system are diagonal. The interaction of the system with electromagnetic radiation, i.e. excitation of specific normal modes of vibration, is then governed by selection rules which depend on features of the microscopic symmetry. It is well known that this model can be worked out in detail for small molecules and for crystalline solids. In some very favorable simple cases the effects of anharmonicity can be accounted for, provided they are not too large. 

There are many ways in which electromagnetic waves can interact with matter in its condensed phases, liquid and solid. Some of these have been treated with simple models in Chapter 9, and examples are given in this chapter. Lest we leave the reader with an oversimplified view of optical constants we list in Table 10.2 several absorption mechanisms in solids together with the spectral regions in which they are important. References, primarily review articles and monographs, are also included to guide the reader in further study. 

Particle groups, like fermions, can also be divided into the leptons (such as the electron) and the hadrons (such as the neutron and proton). The hadrons can interact via the nuclear or strong interaction while the leptons do not. (Both particle types can, however, interact via other forces, such as the electromagnetic force.) Figure 1.4 contains artistic conceptions of the standard model, a theory that describes these fundamental particles and their interactions. Examples of bosons, leptons, hadrons, their charges, and masses are given in Table 1.6. 

Consider an extended standard model to determine what form the electromagnetic and weak interactions assume on the physical vacuum defined by the Higgs mechanism. Such a theory would then be 5(7(2) x 5(7(2). We will at first consider such a theory with one Higgs field. The covariant derivative will then be... 

From this point we can then treat the action of the second Higgs field on this group in a manner described in Ref. 15. If we set the second Higgs field to have zero-vacuum expectation (symmetry breaking mechanism effectively collapses to this formalism, which is similar to the standard SU(2) x 1/(1) model Higgs mechanism. We can the arrive at a vector electromagnetic gauge theory 0(3), where p stands for partial, and a broken chiral SU(2) weak interaction theory. The mass of the vector boson sector is in the A 3 boson plus the W and Z° particles. 

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