Electromagnetic accelerators

The target atom may be any stable or radioactive atom. In a process termed irradiation, it is bombarded, leading to production of many of the nuclear particles discussed in the previous section. Most often the incident particle is a neutron produced in a nuclear reactor, but frequently it is a charged particle raised to the required energy in an electromagnetic accelerator. The charged particles often are protons but may be deuterons, helium nuclei (He-4 or He-3), or heavier ions.2526... 

Irradiation flux, particles/sec cm2 for electromagnetic accelerators reported in microamperes. 

Hydrofracturing In situ rock melting Solar orbit-Space shuttle Moon crater-Rocket/sofl lander Solar escape-Electric cannon Fission reactors Fusion reactors Electromagnetic accelerators... 

Kitamura, J., Usuha, S., Kakudate, Y., Yokoi, H., Yamamoto, K Tanaka, A., and Fujiwara, S. (2003) Formation of horon carhide coating by electromagnetically accelerated plasma spraying. Surf. Coat. Technol., 169 170, 324-327. 

Fission reactors Fusion reactors Electromagnetic accelerators... 

Modem EMs use electromagnetic lenses, shift devices and spectrometers. However, electrostatic devices have always been used as electron beam accelerators and are increasingly being used for other tasks, e.g. as the objective lens (LVSEM, [10]). 

Electrons from a spark are accelerated backward and forward rapidly in the oscillating electromagnetic field and collide with neutral atoms. At atmospheric pressure, the high collision frequency of electrons with atoms induces chaotic electron motion. The electrons gain rapidly in kinetic energy until they have sufficient energy to cause ionization of some gas atoms. 

Since the charge becomes coupled with the oscillating field, q undergoes a periodic acceleration which we represent by ap. Next we borrow a relationship from electromagnetic theory to describe the field produced by an oscillating dipole such as the molecule we have described ... 

An electron gun produces and accelerates the electron beam, which is reduced in diameter (demagnified) by one or more electromagnetic electron lenses. Electromagnetic scanning coils move this small electron probe (i.e., the beam) across the specimen in a raster. Electron detectors beyond the specimen collect a signal that is used to modulate the intensity on a cathode-ray tube that is scanned in synchronism with the beam on the specimen. A schematic of the essential components in a dedicated STEM system is shown in Figure 2. 

The principle of a circular accelerator is that forces from properly arranged electromagnets cause the charged particles of the beam to move in circles, while properly arranged electrical forces boost the energ r of the particles each time they go around. The radius of the circle depends on the mass and speed of... 

Accelerators are responsible for many fundamental discoveries as well as many practical applications. An example of a fundamental discovery was the observation of the W and Z particles that carry the weak force that is responsible, along with the strong and electromagnetic forces, for the fact that the sun shines. An example of a practical application is the use of accelerator beams to kill cancerous tumors in patients. 

If the object of a synchrotron is to accelerate electrons to the highest possible energy, synchrotron radiation is a serious obstacle that limits the energy attainable. On the other hand, the electromagnetic radiation from a synchrotron can be useful for experiments on the properties of solids and for other purposes. For tins reason, some electron synchrotrons are built primarily for the synchrotron radiation they emit. 

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