Electrodes gold pseudo-reference electrode

Pseudo reference electrodes are electrodes that are used as reference electrodes, especially in three-electrode potentiostatic measurements, but do not possess the properties of real reference electrodes, i.e. they are not non-polarisable, they do not possess a thermodynamically calculable potential and they do not have a potential, which is independent of the electrolyte in the cell. Nevertheless, such electrodes, normally simple metal wires of platinum or gold, can be used provided that the potential scale is calibrated with an inner standard. A somewhat worse alternative is to measure the potential of the pseudo reference electrode versus a conventional reference electrode in a separate experiment. This is reliable only when one can be sure that the potential of the pseudo reference electrode is the same in the calibration and the application experiment. Since the pseudo reference electrode is directly... 

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