Electrodeposition, tin

Thwaites, C.J., The Flow Melting of Electrodeposited Tin Coatings, Tin Research Institute, Greenford... 

As a general guide to the thickness of coating desirable for various applications, the requirements of BS 1872 1964 for electrodeposited tin coatings are shown in Tables 13.12 and 13.13. 

Table 13.12 Thickness suggested for electrodeposited tin coatings on ferrous components...

Two common alternatives are available for electrodepositing tin 30 alkaline and acidic baths. The alkaline bath has good throwing power but consumes more power than the acid bath. Tin is present in the alkaline bath as stannate(TV), [Sn(OH)6]2, the bath being approximately 0.25 M in free hydroxide ion (pH 13.4). The hydroxide ion is the principal charge carrier. Potassium is superior to sodium as the counter ion (greater ionic mobility) but economic factors lead to the continued use of sodium in many plants. The hydroxide ions, acting as a sink for dissolved CO2, also prevent two undesirable reactions (equations 24 and 25). 

Mesoporous tin was deposited from LLC surfactant phases in order to provide a nanostructured negative electrode material for applications in lithium ion batteries. Whitehead et al. [67,68] electrodeposited tin films from lyotropi-cally liquid crystalline solutions of tin sulfate in the hexagonal phase of Brij 76 onto copper foil. The authors further employed n-heptane as an inert swelling agent in order to tailor the dimensions of the resulting electrode materials. 

Fung, Y. S., and Zhu, D. R. [2002]. Electrodeposited tin coating as negative electrode material for lithium-ion battery in room temperature molten salt/ Electrochem. Soa, 149, pp. A319-A324. 

Jaen, J., Varsanyi, M.l,., Kovacs, E, Czako-Nagy, I, Buzas, A., Vertes, A, and Kiss, L. (1984) Structural studies of electrodeposited tin—cobalt alloys. Electrochim. Acta, 29 (8), 1119-1122. Tyutina, K., Lukyanova, L, and Selivanova, G. (1984) Electrodeposition of tin-cobalt alloy. Zaschita MetaUov,... 

Hot dip tiiming should be used instead of electrodeposited tin tin-plating should be reheated to relieve stresses. 

Cycle performance of electrodes is dependent not only upon the active material but also strongly upon the morphology of the electrode as a whole including copper foil. One idea is to directly unify the iithium alloy active materials onto copper current collector. Electrodeposited tin-base electrodes " and vacuum-deposited electrodes, such as silicon, " and germanium ... 

Zhao H, Jiang C, He X, Ren J, Wan C (2007) Advanced structures in electrodeposited tin base anodes for lithium ion batteries. Electrochim Acta 52 7820-7826... 

Schetty, R. Tin Whisker Growth and the Metallurgical Properties of Electrodeposited Tin, Proceedings from IPC/JEDEC Pb-Free Technical Conference San Jose, CA, May 2002 pp. 137-145. 

---