Electrodeposition, pressure effects

Other possibility is the application of sonication during the dissolution of electrodeposited metals such as copper or nickel [74]. For both, the texture coefficient of the dissolved plane is affected, and is dependent on the plastic deformation by the shock wave and jet flow pressures. For both metals, the author sees that the greatest effect of ultrasound is located around 20 and 40 kHz. However, there is a marked difference between the two metals. Copper demonstrated the greatest effects at 45 kHz while nickel was most dramatically affected at the lower frequency of 28 kHz, but the possible reasons for that are not provided by the authors. 

It is useful to calibrate the EXJCM, i.e., to determine Cf, e.g., by electrodeposition and electrodissolution of silver. The rigidity layer behavior can be tested by depositing films of different thicknesses. Usually relatively thin films (10 nm - some hundreds nm) show rigid layer behavior. The deviation from the linearity regarding the Am vs. Q function is related to the appearance of the viscoelastic effect. By the help of impedance measurements the viscoelastic characteristics of the surface film can also be tested [4, 5, 6, 7, 10]. In the absence of any deposition the change of the density and viscosity in the double layer or in the diffusion layer may cause 0.1-10 Hz frequency change. It may interfere with the effect caused by the deposition of monolayers or submonolayers. In some cases other effects, e.g., stress, porosity, pressure, and temperature, should also be considered. 

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