Ionizing electrode

Figure 5.2 Geiger-Muller tube. The tube is filled with an ionizable gas mixture, such as neon and argon, and a voltage applied across the electrodes. Ionization of the gas by incident radiation causes a current to flow between the electrodes.

Fig 7 Inverted magiieLron. a cold-calliode gage, produces electrons by applying a high voltage to unheated electrodes. Electrons spiraling in toward the central electrode ionize gas molecules, which are collected on the curved cathode... 

A corona discharge is induced upon application of an electric potential of several kV across the electrodes. Ionized molecules from the air are forced by the electric field to move to the surface of the sample. The deposited ions induce image charges on the earthed electrode. Thereby, a static electric field of about... 

The electrode ionization reactions of alcohols and anode polarized metals in the presence of an electroconductive additive, followed by the interaction of the generated intermediate species and the formation of the final products can by illustrated by the following reactions (Eqs 2.16 and 2.17) ... 

The demineralised water treatment system receives water from the raw water system, processes this water to remove ionic impurities and provides demineralised watertothe demineralised water transfer and storage system. The system consists of two reverse osmosis feed piunps, two 100-percent reverse osmosis units normally operating in series for primary demineralization and one electrode ionization imit for secondary demineralisation. 

A DCP is formed when a gas (usually argon) is introduced into a high current flowing between two or three electrodes. Ionization of the gas produces a Y-shaped plasma. Unfortunately, early DCP instrumentation was prone to interference effects and also had some usability and reliability problems. For these reasons, the technique never became widely accepted by the analytical community. However, its one major benefit was that it could aspirate high dissolved or suspended solids because there was no restrictive sample injector for the solid material to block. This feature alone made it very attractive for some laboratories, and once the initial limitations of DCPs were better understood, the technique became more accepted. In fact, a DCP excitation source coupled to an optical emission instrument today, using an Echelle-based grating and a solid-state detector, has been commercially available for a number of years. ... 

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