Electrochemical methodologies utility

Accordingly, in the first part of the chapter, we wish to discuss (a) the reason, the problems and the limitations of electrochemistry as a possible eco-friendly methodology in organic synthesis (b) the utilization of RTILs instead of VOC-supporting electrolyte systems in the electrochemical methodology and (c) the possible double role of ionic liquids as pre-catalysts and green solvents. 

The Staudinger reaction, i.e. the [2+2] ketene-imine cycloaddition, is the most frequently employed procedure of synthesis of the azetidin-2-one nucleus. Base-promoted cyclization of suitable linear substrates is another frequently employed procedure. We wish to report the electrochemical methodologies of synthesis of P-lactams, according to both procedures, and the possible utilization of RTILs (as solvents and/or as parent of intermediates). 

Finally, an electrochemical methodology that is just beginning to be utilized with thin-film microporous inorganic molecular materials, but could prove especially effective for evaluating the transport of redox-silent ions, is impedance spectroscopy. 

A significant development in the methodology of potentiometry that paved the way for its utility in bioanalysis was the discovery of the ion selective electrode (ISE). Conceptually, the ISE involves the measurement of a membrane potential. The response of the electrochemical cell is therefore based on an interaction between the membrane and the analyte that alters the potential across the membrane. The selectivity of the potential response to the analyte depends on the specificity of the membrane interaction for the analyte. 

While there are many polymerization reactions utilized to produce a variety of jr-conjugated polymers, four general C-C bond-forming schemes have afforded many of the polymers found in the literature and continue to be valuable routes. These four methodologies, namely electrochemical synthesis, Lewis acid-in-... 

Abstract The possible utilization of room temperature ionic liquids (RTILs), instead of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), in the electrochemical procedures of organic synthesis has been discussed. The synthesis of p-lactams, the activation of carbon dioxide and its utilization as renewable carbon source and the carbon-carbon bond formation reactions via umpolung of aldehydes (benzoin condensation and Stetter reaction) and via Henry reaction have been selected as typical electrochani-cal methodologies. The results, related to procedures performed in RTILs, have been compared with those performed in VOCs. The double role of RTILs, as green solvents and parents of electrogenerated reactive intermediates or catalysts, has been emphasized. 

Although GC/MS techniques remain the basic hallmark of analysis for pesticides and their derivatives, it is important to stress the need and the specific role of additional methodologies such as thermal energy analysis and electrochemical detectors. The former technique was discussed with particular emphasis on its utility of the determination of trace levels of nitrosamines and nitrosated pesticides in agricultural products and residues. 

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