Electrochemical advanced oxidation processes

Troster, I., Fryda, M., Herrmann, D., Schafer, L., Haenni, W., Perret, A., Blaschke, M., Kraft, A. and Stadelmann, M. (2002) Electrochemical advanced oxidation process for water treatment using DiaChem electrodes. Diam. Relat. Mater. 11, 640-645. 

Oturan, N., Wub, J., Zhang, H., Sharma, V,K., and Oturan, M.A. (2013) Electro-catalytic destruction of the antibiotic tetracycline in aqueous medium by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes effect of electrode materials. Appl. Catal, B, 140, 92-97. 

M.A. (2013) Removal of residual anti-inflammatory and analgesic pharmaceuticals from aqueous systems by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes. A review. Chem. Eng. )., 228, 944-964. 

The concept of the electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP) [13] is introduced in Fig. 6. 

Guinea E, Arias C, Cabot PL et al (2008) Mineralization of salicylic acid in acidic aqueous medium by electrochemical advanced oxidation processes using platinum and boron-doped diamond as anode and cathodically generated hydrogen peroxide. Water Res 42 499-511... 

Non-active anodes do not bind the oxygen atom of A OH covalently. The sorbed hydroxyl radicals (physisorbed active oxygen) have high and nonspecific reactivity towards organic substrates through free radical addition and/or hydrogen abstraction reactions, which can lead to full or partial mineralization of the substrate. This mode of oxidation is variously known as electrochemical combustion, electrochemical incineration, or an electrochemical advanced oxidation process (EAOP), the latter by analogy with conventional AOPs that also involve hydroxyl radicals ... 

Boye, B., Brillas, E., Marselli, B., Michaud, P.-A., Comninellis, Ch. and Dieng, M.M. (2004) Electrochemical decontamination of waters by advanced oxidation processes (AOPS) Case of the mineralization of 2,4,5-T on BDD electrode. Bull. Chem. Soc. Ethiop. 18, 205-214. 

Comninellis, Ch. and Pulgarin, C. (1993) Electrochemical oxidation of phenol for wastewater treatment using Sn02 anodes. I. Appl. Electrochem. 23, 108-112 Faouzi, M., Cafiizares, R, Gadri, A., Lobato, I., Nasr, B., Paz, R., Rodrigo, M.A. and Saez, C. (2006) Advanced oxidation processes for the treatment of wastes polluted with azoic dyes. Electrochim. Acta 52, 325-331... 

Ivandini, T.A., Rao, T.N., Fujishima, A. and Einaga, Y. (2006) Electrochemical oxidation of oxalic acid at highly boron-doped diamond electrodes. Anal. Chem. 78, 3467-3471 Josephy, P. D. (1996) Molecular Toxicology, Oxford University Press, New York, NY Kraft, A., Stadelmann, M. and Blaschke, M. (2003) Anodic oxidation with doped diamond electrodes A new advanced oxidation process. J. Hazard. Mater. 103, 247-261 Kusic, H., Koprivanac, N. and Bozic, A.L. (2006) Minimization of organic pollutant content in aqueous solution by means of AOPs UV- and ozone-based technologies. Chem. Eng. J. 123, 127-137... 

In fact, only recently the electrochemical oxidation process has been recognized as an advanced oxidation process (AOP). This is due to the development of boron-doped diamond (BDD) anodes on which the oxidation of organic pollutants is mediated via the formation of active hydroxyl radicals. 

Zhou, M. and He, J. 2007. Degradation of azo dye by three clean advanced oxidation processes Wet oxidation, electrochemical oxidation and wet electrochemical oxidation-a comparative study. Electrochim. Acta 53 1902-1910. 

Electrochemical Reactor Design for the Oxidation of Organic Pollutants, Fig. 6 Combination of oxidant production on a BDD anode and an advanced oxidation process AOP) (From Ref. [20])... 

We have presented here a general view of the different AOPs and discussed the possibility of their improvement using solid catalysts, selecting some representative examples regarding the industrial applicability of these advanced oxidation processes and highlighting unanswered questions to be addressed in their further development. However, not all the possible technologies and their combinations have been discussed, due to space constraints. In particular, the use of electrochemical methods (from anodic oxidation to electro-Fenton, electrocatal3rtic, and photoelec-trocatalytic processes) has been not discussed. Some consideration of these can be found in reviews. 

Different aspects of total oxidation processes are reviewed in the first part of the book hydrocarbon oxidation (Chapter 1) and soot oxidation (Chapter 2) for mobile appficafions while oxidation of volatile organic compounds (VOC) is treated in the next five chapters. Chapter 3 provides a general overview of VOC oxidation while chlorinated VOCs are specifically discussed in Chapter 4 and persistent VOC in Chapter 5. Plasma catalysis processes for VOC abatement are reviewed in Chapter 6. Finally, Chapter 7 gives the point of view of industry for the development and applications of catalysis for air depollution technologies. Total oxidation is also used for energy production by combustion processes exemplified in Chapter 8. The last two chapters are devoted to oxidation processes in liquid media by electrochemical techniques (Chapter 9) or more generally as "advanced oxidation processes" for water depollution (Chapter 10). 

Brillas E, Calpe JC, Casado J. Mineralization of 2,4-D by advanced electrochemical oxidation processes. Water Res 2000 34(8) 2253-2262. 

Sirds, I., Arias, C., Cabot, P. L., Centellas, F., Rodriguez, R. M., Garrido, J. A. and Brillas, E. (2004) Paracetamol mineralization by advanced electrochemical oxidation processes for wastewater treatment. Environ. Chem. 1,26-28. 

Electro-reduction and -oxidation processes are easy to operate and control remotely. Unlike the use of redox chemicals, they do not give rise to waste salts. Convenient remote control and operation and avoidance of waste salts are especially attractive features for commercial processing of any type of power reactor fuel. According]y, the electrode reactions were introduced quite early as intermediate steps in reprocessing. The electrochemical decladding of spent fuels was the first process in this field to be advanced up to the technical scale in the USA (J, 2 3, ... 

The direct measurement of analyte concentrations below approx. 10 mol/L with electrochemical sensors is so far only possible with the advanced microfabrication process of Ikarijama et al. [21-23]. Usually a chemical amplifier system has to be used for increased sensitivity. The only analytes which already provide this amplification system themselves are enzymes catalytically turning over their substrates. If the product of the enzymatic reaction can be assayed with a sensor, the activity of the respective enzyme can also be determined. As an example, an amperometric assay for glucose oxidase using benzoquinone as an oxidant has been published [37] ... 

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