Electroanalytical chemistry polarography

Polarography of some Protonic Acids in Methylene Chloride, Kabir-ud-Din and P.H. Plesch, Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry, 1978, 93, 29-40. 

J. Thompson, 1893) and the development of chemical thermodynamics (G. N. Lewis, 1923). Building on this foundation, the utilization of electrochemical phenomena for thermodynamic characterization and analysis of molecules and ions (electroanalytical chemistry) began at the beginning of this century [po-tentiometry (1920) and polarography (1930)]. Relationships that describe the techniques of potentiometry and polarography derive directly from solution thermodynamics. In the case of polarography, there is a further dependence on the diffusion of ionic species in solution. The latter is the basis of conductivity measurements, another area that traces its origin to the nineteenth century. These quantitative relationships make it possible to apply electrochemistry to... 

Refs. [i] Smith DE (1966) AC polarography and related techniques Theory and practice. In Bard AJ (ed) Electroanalytical chemistry, vol. 1. Marcel Dekker, New York [ii] Bond AM, Duffy NW, Guo S, Zhang /, Elton D (2005) Anal Chem 77-.186A... 

Lingane was a leader in the field of - electro analytical chemistry and wrote, with Kolthoff, the definitive, two volume monograph, Polarography [i] that remains a useful reference work. He also helped develop other electroanalytical techniques, like controlled potential electrolysis, -> coulometry, -> coulometric titrations, and developed an early electromechanical (Lingane-Jones) potentiostat, He wrote the widely-used monograph in this field, Electroanalytical Chemistry (1st edn., 1953 2nd edn., 1958). Lingane received a number of awards, including the Analytical Chemistry (Fisher) Award of the American Chemical Society in 1958. Many of his Ph.D. students, e.g., -> Meites, Fred Anson, Allen Bard, Dennis Peters, and Dennis Evans, went on to academic careers in electrochemistry. 

Refs. [i] Heyrovsky J, Kuta J (1966) Principles of polarography. Academic Press, New York [ii] Meites L (1965) Polarographic techniques, 2nd edn. Wiley Interscience, New York [Hi] Gains Z (1994) Fundamentals of electrochemical analysis, 2nd edn. Ellis Norwood, New York, Polish Scientific Publisher PWN, Warsaw [iv] Kissinger PT, Heineman WR (1984) Laboratory techniques in electroanalytical chemistry. Marcel Dekker, New York... 

Henglein A. (1976) Pulse radiolysis and polarography. Electrode reactions of short-lived free radicals. In Bard AJ (ed.), Electroanalytical Chemistry — A Series of Advetnees Vol. 9, pp. 163-244. Marcel Dekker Inc, New York. 

Polarography is the term used for voltammetry with the dropping mercury electrode (DME). The technique has been discussed extensively in several textbooks and reviews [1-, 237-242] to which the reader is referred for details concerning both theoretical problems and practical applications. The electrode (Fig. 31) was developed early in the century by Heyrovsky and was the dominating tool in electroanalytical chemistry for several decades. Because of the low oxidation potential of mercury (0.3-0.4 V versus SCE), the DME has been used almost exclusively for the study of reduction processes. Compared with mercury film electrodes, the DME offers the advantage that the electrode surface is continuously renewed. This property reduces undesirable surface effects caused by adsorption. 

B. Breyer and H. H. Bauer, Alternating Current Polarography and Tensammetry, Chemical Analysis Series, P. J. Hiving and 1. M. Kolthoff, eds., Wiley-Interscience, New York, 1963. D. E. Smith in Electroanalytical Chemistry, A. J. Bard, ed., Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, New York, 1966, p. 1. 

Electrochemical methods of analysis have grown greatly in application and importance over the last 40 years, and this has been largely due to the development and improvement of electronic systems permitting refinements in the measurement of the critical characteristics mentioned in the foregoing. In addition to this, the measurement systems and the advanced electronics now permit much of the work in electroanalytical chemistry to be automated and controlled by microprocessors or computers. Some electroanalytical techniques have become very widely accepted others, such as polarography/voltammetry, less so. This has been due to early problems with equipment. Despite the fact... 

Terminology related to electroanalytical chemistry are chronoamperometry, voltammetry, coulometry, amperometric titrimetry, coulometric titrimetry, conductivity, con-ductimetry and high frequency titrimetry, electrometric titrimetry, electrogravimetry, electrodeposition, anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV), cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV), polarography, differentia] pulse polarography (DPP), ion-selective electrode (ISE), ion-specific electrode (ISE), molecular selective electrode, potentiometry, potentio-metric titrimetry, and chronopotentiometric titrimetry. 

G.J. Patriarche, M. Chateau-Gosselin, J.L. Vandenbalck and P. Zuman, in Polarography and Related Electroanalytical Techniques in Pharmacy and Pharmacology , A.J. Bard (Ed.), Electroanalytical Chemistry, Marcel Dekker, New York, Vol. 11, p. 141, 1979. 

J, Patriarchs, M. Chateau-Gosselin, J, L. Vandenbalck, and P. Zuman, Polarography and related electroanalytical techniques in pharmacy and pharmacology, "Electroanalytical Chemistry,"... 

The first successful Heyrovsky Discussions were followed by further discussions in the 1970s and 1980s. Their topics were Products and intermediates of electrode reactions (1970), Products and intermediates of redox reactions (1971), New principles in electroanalytical chemistry (1972), Deposition and oxidation of metals (1973), Electrochemistry in nonaqueous solvents (1974), Electrochemical phenomena in biological systems (1975), Redox reactions of coordination compounds (1976), New horizons of polarography (1977), Electrochemical energy conversion expectations, achievements and critical assessment of perspectives (1978),... 

Six papers from 1950 were followed by eight others in 1951 and nine papers in 1952. Almost all of these 17 papers (years 1950-1952), namely 16, were also related to different aspects of polarography. The year 1952 was important for the development of polarography or more widely of electroanalytical chemistry in Warsaw. That was mostly due to the method introduced by Prof. Kemula and named by him chromato-polarography. The first two papers based on the idea to combine the chromatographic separation with polarographic detection were published in Roczniki Chemii (Annals of Chemistry) by Prof. Kemula himself, while the third one was published in cooperation with Prof. Andrzej Gorski. 

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